08-23-1977 Supporting DocumentsAML
MINUTES N!► 1432
REGULAR MEETING
A Regular Meeting of the City Council of the City of Clermont was held in the Council
ChaMayor eClaudeTE Tuesday, August Withlthe following
The
owingt members present: Councilmen Honey was called to order at 7:30 Mandy
Blackburn. Other officials present were: City Manager Tiffany, City Attorney Baird,
Finance Director Sanchez, Director of Public Works Smythe, and City Engineer Springstead.
Others present were Mesdames Smith, Baird, Ms. Maureen Hurd; and the Messrs. Prunier,
Doub, Graber, Matthews, Searles, VanderMeer, Saunders, Young, Cole, and Judy. Mr. Joe
Sanchez, Sentinel/Star representative was also presnet.
The Invocation was offered by Mr. Smythe, followed by repeating of the Pledge of Alle-
glance in unison by those present.
The Minutes of the Regular Meeting held August 9, 1977 were approved as written.
TELEPROMPTER FRANCHISE
Mr. Jay Doub, Teleprompter District Manager, appeared before Council in
support of a proposed ordinance which would amend the City's current fran-
chise agreement with Teleprompter Southeast, Inc. Following discussion of
the proposed ordinance, it was the consensus of Council that the City
Manager and City Attorney prepare an amending ordinance to incorporate a rate
change proceedure; a section to remove limitations on types of services on
which franchise fees may be levied; and a provision for a specific type
franchise; for Council's consideration at their meeting to be held on
September 13. Mr. Doub was requested to forward Council any information
that directly addresses the points contained in the proposed amendment.
DUMP ALL RATE ADJUSTMENT
Mr. Bernard Prunier appeared before Council in support of a request by Dump
All, Inc., for a 17.5% rate increase for container waste service, advising
he felt such increase necessary because of recent inflationary trends. It
was consensus that Mr. Prunier supply additional information with regards
comparison prices of similar type services offered within the county and
in Orange county, to justify the desired rate increase and submit for Council's
consideration on September 13, 1977. City Manager Tiffany was requested to
notify the local Dump All customers of the requested rate increase.
BOWMAN STREET EASEMENT
Mr. Max Judy appeared before Council in support of a proposed ordinance which
would abandon an easement over a portion of Bowman Street, now closed.
Councilman Blackburn introduced Ali ORDINANCE UNDER THE CODE OF ORDINANCES OF
THE CITY OF CLERMONT, LAKE COUNTY, FLORIDA, ABANDONING AN EASEMENT OVER A
PORTION OF BOWMAN STREET DESCRIBED HEREIN, ACCORDING TO THE OFFICIAL MAP OF
THE CITY OF CLERMONT, RECORDED IN PLAT BOOK 8, PAGES 7 TO 23 INCLUSIVE, PUBLIC
RECORDS OF LAKE COUNTY, FLORIDA, PROVIDING FOR AN EFFECTIVE DATE AND PROVIDING
FOR PUBLICATION, and the ORDINANCE was read by Deputy Clerk Smith for a first
reading by title only.
Mr. Judy further advised that following his previous request to purchase 75'
of the proposed abandoned easement, he now desired to purchase an additional
25' in order to further enhance the appearance of the property. Motion was
made by Mayor Smoak, seconded by Councilman Honey, and unanimously carried
that City Manager Tiffany and City Attorney Baird be authorized to prepare
the necessary legal documents for publishing the City's offer for sale of up
to 130 feet west of the center line of the now closed portion of Bowman
Street including the closed portion of the street belonging to the City,
between Highway 50 and Highland Avenue.
MINUTES ES N9 1433
1977-78 BUDGET
City Manager Tiffany reported that the proposed 1977-78 budget is being
finalized for distribution within the next few days, and recommended that a
work session be scheduled to discuss same. Mayor Smoak thereupon called a
Work Meeting of Council to be held in the office of the City Manager on
Tuesday, August 30th at 7:30 P.M.
MAYOR'S REPORT
Mayor Smoak reported that the Lake County League of Cities held a work meeting
on the Road & Bridge Tax on August 15th, and a decision will be forthcoming
from the League of Cities Board of Directors on a position to be submitted
for the County Commissioners consideration.
MARSHLAND STUDY
Following discussion on a proposal submitted to Council from Drs. Bayley and
Zoltek for a 15-month extension of the marshland study, at a cost of $57,000,
in which Mayor Smoak recommended that the Council earmark $14,250 from
special funds presently on hand and designate it for Utility Capital Improvements
to fund 25% of this proposal, motion was made by Councilman Blackburn, seconded
by Councilman Honey, and unanimously carried that the City participate in
this funding and guarantee to EPA that funds in the amount of $14,250 are
available for this project, and that funds be earmarked as recommended by the
Mayor.
SUNSET LAKE SEDIMENT BASIN
Mayor Smoak reported that he appeared before the Lake County Pollution Control
Board on August 15 concerning the proposed water retention basin at Sunset
Lake; that the Pollution Control Board agreed to reclassify the lake from
existing class 3-A to a classification that would allow the lake to receive
runoff from the highway, providing that a trash catcher and oil skimmer are
installed. Following discussion, motion was made by Councilman Blackburn,
seconded by::;uncilman Honey and carried, that the Lake County Pollution
Contrul Board be petitioned to reclassify Sunset Lake from a 3-A classification
to a classification suitable to accept non -point pollution sources. Mayor
Smoak requested that the Department of Transportation be notified of City
Council action and also official action of the Lake County Pollution Control
Board.
BROOME STREET EXTENSION
City Engineer Springstead reported to Council that the design phase of the
Broome Street Extension has been completed; that it comprised approximately
1100 feet of pavement and involves curb and gutter on each side of the street;
That a drainage system consisting of two catch basins with infiltration type
structures, and two direct inlets into the ditch at the east end, have been
incorporated. Following inquiry from the Chair with regards Lake County
Pollution Control Board approval of the direct inlet drainage to Lake Palat-
lakaha, motion was made by Mayor Smoak, seconded by Councilman Blackburn
and unanimously carried that the City Council authorize the City Manager to
advertise for bids on the project as soon as required permits are obtained.
SR 50 UTILITIES RELOCATION
City Engineer Springstead reported that plans for utilities relocation on
Highway 50 were 85-90Z complete and that the Department of Transportation is
not requiring casing for utility crossings under the new portion of the
Highway through the City.
MINuns
N41434
Mayor Smoak asked if the 1977-78 budget would provide funds for this work.
City Manager Tiffany recommended that this cost be paid out of the Improvement,
Repair and Replacement Fund which is a reserve account set by bond issue.
CLOSED LANDFILL LEASE
Mr. Fred Saunders appeared before Council in support of his request to lease
the city owned closed landfill in Groveland Farms for agricultural purposes.
Following discussion of the proposed lease agreement, motion was made by
Councilman Blackburn, seconded by Councilman Honey and unanimously carried
that the City Attorney incorporate into the proposed lease a 12-month notice
of lease concellation by the City, the elimination of a portion of the
cancellation clause relating to capital improvements, a requirement that the
lessee pay all ad valorem taxes on the property, and a requirement that the
lessee maintain a minimum $1,000,000 liability insurance. Mr. Saunders was
requested to report to the City Manager the acceptance of the minimum liability
level and proposing an effective date.
PAYMENT OF BILLS
Motion was made by Councilman Blackburn, seconded by Councilman Honey, and
carried that the bills be paid. A copy is attached hereto.
ORDINANCES
City Engineer Springstead reported that conditions as submitted by the Planning`,
and Zoning Commission and City Council have been substantially complied with -
for the Preliminary Plan phase of development for the Minnehaha Shores
Subdivision as proposed by Mr. Richard Swann, whereupon Councilman Honey offered'
and moved the adoption of AN ORDINANCE UNDER THE CODE OF ORDINANCES OF THE CITY
OF CLERMONT, LAKE COUNTY, FLORIDA, AMENDING THE OFFICIAL ZONING MAP OF THE CITY
OF CLERMONT, FLORIDA, REFERRED TO IN SECTION 26-1 OF APPENDIX A OF THE CODE OF
ORDINANCES: RE -ZONING THE REAL PROPERTY DESCRIBED HEREIN FROM R-3-A AND C-2
CLASSIFICATION TO R-1 ZONING CLASSIFICATION: REPEALING ALL ORDINANCES IN CONFLICT
HEREWITH: PROVIDING FOR SEVERABILITY: PROVIDING FOR AN EFFECTIVE DATE: AND
PROVIDING FOR PUBLICATION, and the motion was seconded by Councilman Blackburn.
The ORDINANCE was read for a second and final reading by Deputy Clerk Smith,
by title only, and upon roll call vote on passage of the motion, the result
was: Ayes: Honey, Blackburn and Smoak. Total Ayes: Three. Nayes: None.
Absent: Schroedel and Byrd. So the ORDINANCE was adopted and the number
161-C assigned to it.
There being no further business to be brought before the Council at this time, the
meeting was adjourned by Mayor Smoak at 9:00 P.M.
2z 4 ��-(,- --- I ,
CLAUDE SMOAK, JR. MAYOR
ATTEST:
1
DOE ES W. CARROLL - ITT -CLERK
TO: City Council
FROM: City Manager
SUBJECT: Marshland Study
DATE: August 4, 1977
The University of Florida researchers are applying for Federal
funding to extend our Marshland project through a second growing
season.
It is highly desirable from our City's point of view for
this project to be extended. A second year will greatly increase
the reliability and usefulness of the data being collected. Problems
caused by unusually dry conditions in the marsh this season would
probably be eliminated by a second year of study.
To qualify for Federal funding, local sources must pledge 25%
of the project cost for the second year, amounting to $14,000. It is
necessary that this pledge be made soon so the grant application can
_. be made.
I recommend that you authorize me to write a letter in support
of the grant application pledging $14,000 local participation in a
second year of the marshland study, from funds already earmarked for
"effluent disposal". We would seek participation from other local
sources (County, Water Authority, etc.) in the study to reduce the
amount of City funds needed.
Gordon Tiffany
cc: City Clerk (8/9/77 Agenda)
CENTER FOR WETLANDS Gainesville, Florida 32611
904•392.2424
UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA
Phelps lab
August 15, 1977
T1se Honorable Claude E. Smoak
Mayor
City of Clermont
1 Westgate Plaza
Clermont, Florida 32711
Dear Claude:
Forwarded herewith is a copy of the proposal that we are planning on
submitting to the EPA or some other finding agency. Suzanne has not had
an opportunity to review this typed draft, so it may bo changed slightly
before submittal.
If you compare the budget for this proposal with the previous budget
for the original proposal, you will note that it has increased by $22,000.
Over $21,000 of this increase is reflected in salaries and fringe benefits
— - ($7,650) and overhead ($13,511). In our original proposal to initiate the
project the overhead (indirect costs) were computed on 10% of the total
project costs. The University made an exception in the first proposal
and allowed us to do this, but that was a unique case and we cannot do it
again. Normal overhead is computed at the rate of 51% of the salaries and
fringe benefits. The increase in salaries was due to both inflation and
the necessity of hiring more casual labor to assist in sampling and analysis.
We are submitting this proposal in the names of Dr. Zoltok and Dr. Bayley,
but as you know there is a possibility that Dr. Bayley may not return to
the University of Florida after her one year leave. In that event, Dr. H.T.
Odum has agreed to take her place as co -principal investigator once it is
definite that she will not return.
I am presently investigating the possibilities of other funding sources
if the EPA is not interested, and I will keep you up-to-date if anything
along these lines develops. It is important that we submit this proposal to
the EPA as soon as possible, so if you or if any of your staff have any
questions, please do not hesitate to contact me.
With most sincere personal regards,
4YohnLZolte�*EPh..D
Associate Professor;
Suzanne E. Bayley, Ph.D.
Assistant Professor
JZ/vd
cc: H.T. Odum
T. Dolan
EQUAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY/AFFIRMATIVE ACTION EMPLOYER
Proposal to the City of Clermont, Florida
REMOVAL OF NUTRIENTS FROM 'TREATED MUNICIPAL
WASTEWATER BY FRESHWATER MARSHES
Submitted by
John 2oltek and Suzanne Bayley
Co -Principal Investigators
Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences
and
Center for Wetlands
University of Florida
Gainesville, Fla:'
32611
777777�-
r
PROJECT OBJf:CrIws
Purpose of Project
11ne purpose of this project Sa to determine the dogroe of removal
of nutrients from secondary effluent by marshlands. It is already known
that freshwater marshlands remove nutrients (Boyt,ot al., 1977) but
the acceptable loading rates are not known.
Clermont, Florida, a small city of 3500 persons, has funded a project
to determine the loading rate of treated effluent in the freshwater
marshes adjacent to the town. 11iis project started February 1977, and
ends May 1978. Tho project costs included $35,000 for the study and
$15,000 for construction at the experimental site. The finances for the
project have been exclusively from county sources. This study should be
continued because the data gathered this year reflect the abnormally low
water levels that have been experienced clue to the severe drought in
northern Florida.
Need for the Project
Clermont is* located in Lake County, Florida. It has a secondary
sewage treatment plant of 0.6 mgd capacity, which is presently receiving
about 0.35 mgd of flow. It has an excellent BOD removal of between 95-
99%, but it does not have an adequate location to discard its treated
sewage. About 0.25 mgd of the secondary effluent is disposed of by
spray irrigation and percolation pond discharge, with the remaining 0.15
mgd flowing into the adjacent marsh area.
1
z
Much of the affluent that is sprayed in the upland flows .into
the marsh.. 11to marsh has rospondod to these increased nutrients with
an increase in biomass, shown in 'rnblo 1. The Lake County Pollution
Control Board and the State Department of Environmental Regulation
have indicated that the spray irrigation method of disposal is presently
at too high a rate and must be lowered. 'l1w Board prefers that a spray
irrigation system be duvuloped at a site about two miles away from the
existing treatment site; 'I1to piping, land and miscellaneous costs for
the spray system would be over 1 million dollars. Clearly, a city as
small as Clermont would be hard pressed to finance such an endeavor.
For this reason the city funded the first year of this study.
Utility of the Proiect
The purpose of the study is to determine the loading rates of
secondary effluent that can be effectively utilized by typical south-
eastern marshes. This will be accomplished by isolating portions of
the adjacent marshland and introducing secondary effluent at different
loading rates in order to ascertain the rate at which the marshland
vegetation and soils can reduce the nutrients in the sewage to the same
levels as the adjacent rivers and lakes. Changes'in vegetation type,
water quality and nutrients in vegetation, soil and water will be
measured to ascertain and appropriate loading rates. The marsh species
present are species typical of many southern marshes -- pickerel weed,
Pontederia cordata; arrow root, Saggitaria lancifolia; and various
grasses, (I'ancium sL.). Long term impacts will be studied using
modelling techniques.
3
Table 1. Biomass of the marsh in Clermont. The three sampling sites in-
clude: adjacent to the polishing pond (H); low nutrient marsh
near the sewage plant (L); and the county owned niarsh near a
sand mine (S).
Living
X
S.U.
S.E.
Dead
z
S.D.
S.E.
Total
x
S.D.
S.E.
Standing Crop (Oct. 30,
1976)
g/m2
Sample
Ill, 2, 3
L1, 2, 3, 4
S1, 2, 3, 4
477.7
328.5
247.0
129.6
62.9
70.5
74.8
31.5
35.3
368.8 436.2
125.8 154.6
72.7 77.3
846.5 764.7
248.7 108.4
143.6 54.2
Pogo
go
f1 ' Cov-'f°f
_ I:� �rrrrrr,�r-r-r7i •: PLA\T: t. --
'So;::JS a7 i
Fi
u
'I F,: Qt l Q y r. ct.,
` f 1 and ara �)•rn(Sr}-}-�
• �' P(•"�Pi rQ� •.}7(OlS �, of ��F•r Mo'' sp � •.
G �0oo-1'iDrt. p� C Y.P o o, P,• � rl.. C�i � o..n7'� S ���Jt'ie'�- C -(:,�r
S }?ii on s uJ 141+ rc.S pe< r
§aiiificanco of tlw Prujoct
Once 'the ❑ccuptnblo loading ratua tire duterminud, the town or
Clermont can dosign nn irrigation system using the marshland that it
owns. This research is of critical importance to the town as indicated
in the attached letter, Many other small communities in the southeast
arc located near freshwater marshes which can be used for tertiary
waste treatment if the loading rates were known. The data gathered hero
can also be used by developers who would build small marshes adjacent
to new communities and secondary treatment plants to remove the excess
nutrients. Permitting agencies, such as the Environmental Protection
Agency and the State Department of Environmental Regulation and State
Water Mfanagemant Districts, can use data on loading rates to evaluate
permit applications for various types of developments.
ESTIMATED DURATION DP 711E PROJECT
The project is expected to run for an additional 15 months -- this
is a continuation of a project that already has been committed (February
1977 to May 1978). The first phase included construction of the test
areas and performing initial analyses for background data. Species
identification of aquatic plants and chemical and biological analysis
for background data were run before any sewage effluent was introduced.
This phase took approximately three months for completion.
The second phase of the study began after the test areas were
operating under the conditions for which they were designed. At this
point, the regular sampling program began, with a field crew making
monthly chemical and biological analyses.
6
'11io proposed atudy will continue the ehumienl, biological, and
hydrological analyses for at lunst 13 months with 2 additional months
for writing tho report.
SCOPE OF WORK
Experimental Site
Tho sewage plant is located ndjacont to an 80 acre marsh owned by
the City of Clermont. '[leis marsh, part of which has been unaffected
by any effluent, is dominated by pickerel wood, arrow root, sawgrass
and various grasses.
Ilic experimental site is located to the north of the sewage treat-
ment plant operations as shown in Fig. 1. Each experimental plot is 1/2
acre in size with 148 ft. on a side. They are located in an area of
mixed marsh vegetation separated from one another to allow for any
possible leakage.
The sewage and water in each of the plots is retained on site by
means of corrugated fiberglass panels set into the peat and held up by
posts 4 ft. apart. The engineering design is shown in Fig. 2.
The sewage effluent enters the plot by a PVC pipe with a series of
holes to evenly distribute the water in the center of the plot. Currently
there is no water leaving the plot on the surface (only evaporation, -;
transpiration and percolation through the peat), but when surface water
is present, an exit pipe with a recording meter will permit the quantity
of water leaving the plot to be measured. The plot interior is undis-
turbed except for vegetation sampling sites and sampling wells.
Assuming an average 10 mg/1 of P in the sewage effluent, the
following loading rates of phosphorus are being used in the 1/2 acre
I " . 3 0
D,tj d
It-.5 -16
W"LL
Q Q
P
To sea corners of the ponds, as well as any ends of fiberglass,ir,
1 the we
entrance, etc., , corrugated redwood strips the shape of the panel will be
sealed on both sides. One side to the fiberglass, one side to the 2x4.
Phenos eal will also be used to seal any cracks between the 2x4 bracing and
filler and the post.
Galvanized nails to be used throughout, and aluminum nails with neoprene
washers are to be used to fasten the fiberglass to the 2x4 bracing.
Figure 2.
3M
(2023 m2) exporimontnl plots: 1
1. 4 an/wk (7744 gpd): rate of P - 0.14 gP/m2/day
2. 1.5 in/wk (2904 gpd): rate of 1' - 0.054 gP/m2/day
3. 0.5 in/wk (968 gpd): rate of 11 = 0.018 gP/m2/day
4. 1.5 in/wk (2904 gpd): rate of 1' - 0.000 gP/m2/clay
of ground wator (control)
Assuming that the average Nitrogen concentration in the effluent is
4.46 mg NO3-N/1 and 3.28 mg NH4-N/1, the nitrogen loading rates are:
1. 4 in/wk rate of N = 0.064gNO3-N/m2/day; 0.044gNH4-N/m2/day
2. 1.5 in/wk rate of N - 0.024gNO3-N/m2/day; O.Ol5gNH4-N/m2/day
3. 0.5 in/wk rate of N = 0.008gNO3-N/m2/day; 0.0055gNH4-N/m2/day
4. 1.5 in/wk of rate of N = 0.0002gNO3=N/m2/day; 0.0002gNH4-N/m2/day
ground water (control)
Photographs of each of the plots is shown in Fig. 3 after 3 months of
effluent applications.
The purpose of the data collection is to prepare nitrogen, phosphorus
and water budgets for each of the effluent loading rates. In this way
the fate of the two main nutrients can be determined within each plot.
Nutrients entering and leaving the plot are determined from sampling the
influent waters and well waters at the edge of the plots. When surface
water is present, the water leaving the plot will be analyzed for the
various parameters. Nutrients incorporated in the plant biomass and
peat will be determined.
Biomass Nutrients
Productivity of the marsh biomass throughout the year of each of the
experimental plots provides an estimate of the net productivity of the
vegetation for each of the loading rates. The plots are sampled quarterly
Fig. 3. Photographs of experimental site. 1. - Aerial view of site.
2. - Plot A (1.511/wk. groundwater). 3. - Plot BcL5°/iik. sewage).
4. - Plot C (4"/wk. sewage). S. - Plot D (1.5"/wk sewage).
i
exeopt during the growing season when more froquent samples are tnken
(sae attached schedule Table 2, for the current year). L'nch plot is
sampled with at least G replicates. Dry weight of the 1Lving vegetation
(stems, loaves, and soma roots) and dead Material will be determined.
Littor bugs are used to measure the rate of decomposition of the vegetation.
Table 3 presents prolimLnary measurements of the biomass in the
experimental site, the unaffoctod marsh near the sawago plot and the
marsh currently receiving sewage runoff. Tables 4 Lind 5 reprosoA Moro
recent biomass determinations in each of the experimental plots prior
to sewage application.
Water Budget
Rainfall is monitored continuously, as arc the water levels in
selected plots. Surface and ground watex'levels are recorded using a
Stephen recording hydrograph. Outflow from the plot will be restricted
i
to one outlet by a fiberglass barrier buried in the peat when water
levels rise above the surface. The outflow of water will then be recorded
continuously. Lateral and vortical water flows will be calculated if
possible. Evapotranspiration is determined by the daily fluctuations in w
the water level recorder.
Nitrogen Budget
Various nitrogen frattions will be measured in rainfall, in. the
experimental plot water, in the inflowing sewage and outflowing water.
Nitrogen in the ground water is measured in wells at 1`1/2 meter depth.
Nitrogen in soil, water, detritus and plants is measured. Decomposition
bags determine the rate of breakdown of the various nitrogen compounds.
Denitrification and nitrification are measured from the soil and water
M
Table 2. Clermont Sampling Schedule
(April 1977 - May 1978, proposod datos)
811 - Biomass Harvest
WS - Water Snmples, surface and ground water
1977
April 24 811 (includos roots)
Juno 1 WS
June 29 WS
July 8 811
July 27-28 Lake Productivity Measurement
August 3 IVS
August 11 8H (includes roots)
August 31 WS
Sept 15 DH
Sept 28 WS
October 6 811
October 26 WS
November 30 WS
December 7 SH
December 28 WS
1978
January 25 WS
February 15 8H
March 1 WS
March 29 WS
April 12 SH
April 21 IVS
N
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Table 4. Biomass of marsh plants in experimental plots prior to start
of sowago application, 4-25-77. (n - 6)
Plot
Total Live
(g/m2)
Dead
Total
X
S.D.
T
S.[:—
A
217.6
4.4
611.6
99.6
829.2
99.6
B
218.0
22.8
496.4
63.6
714.4
78.0
c
242.0
8.8
478.4
32.0
720.4
36.8
D
212.8
16.8
536.8
28.0
749.6
36.0
Table S. Species eompo::ition of marsh in each plot (4-25-77).
Total 1 vo biomass
Plot
Species
p U C D
Sasittaria lancifolin 35 22 19 31
Sagittaria sp. 7 G 6 1
Pontoderia cordata 28 52 58 hl
all CUM sp. 22 7 8 17
Mixture of Sa ittarin sp.
and Ponte cria sp.
Hibiscus sp.
other species
7 9 9
1 4 <1
surface by Dr, Donald Grnotz of thb'Uoplinmu nt of Sell Science,
Institute of flood and Agricultural Scloncos, Unlvorslty of Florida.
Pliospluorus
'Total phosphorus and orthophosphate are meusurod In the rainfall,
ground water, and sewage inflow. Phosphorus in the outflow from the
plots will be measured when water levels permit. '11io phosphorus stored
in the plants, detritus and soil are measured. Analyses of the break-
down of phosphorus is made from docomposition bags.
SCIENTIFIC BACKGROUNn AND'rPoINICAL REFERENCES
Many regulatory agencies are now requiring that nutrients in
secondary effluents, notably nitrogen and phosphorus, be removed
before the effluents are allowed to intermingle with natural waterways
and lakes. however, the use of a high technology treatment process,
such as chemical precipitation for phosphorus removal, can be very
expensive. In many cases, more reasonable alternatives exist and should
be closely examined. For example, agricultural systems can use
secondary effluent as a source of water as well as a source of nitrogen
and phosphorus fertilizer (Sopper and Kardos, 1973). Applying secondary
effluent to wetlands swamps can be a very effective method for removing
nitrogen and phosphorus (Odum, 1975; Boyt,et al., 1977).
The critical factor for the reuse of secondarily treated wastewater
is the amount of effluent, the type of natural system, and the area of
land that is available in the community. Agricultural systems have been
used for many years to receive municipal sewage waste. Tallahassee,
Florida, has been putting its municipal wastes on pine forested
16
agricultural land for several years. 1110 prlmnry ronult of this work Ilan
been to increasu the growth of pines. Soppor nail Kardos (1973) havo
sewage on various agricultural crops and
studied the use of municipal
t
have concluded that this is a beneficial way to roduco pollutional loads
and to reduce the nutriont loadings in the effluent waters. Ono of the
primary disadvantages in the use of agricultural systems for disposal
of municipal sewage is thu largo volumes of water that carry the nutrients.
Etost agricultural systems are not adapted to receive largo volumes of
water, and indeed most agricultural crops can tolerate only limited
amounts of water in addition Ao the normal rainfall. Therefore, many
of the problems that have been associated with agricultural systems
have been due to the volume of water that was added.
Wetlands systems in Florida are particularly well adapted to receiving
sewage wastes. They have the advantage of being already adapted to
excess water and fluctuating water tables. The vegetation can take up
the nutrients that are introduced along with the water. There are many
types of wetland systems in Florida, tile 'two primary ones being
swamp systems, which are composed of large trees; and marsh systems,
which support perennial and annual vegetation, bad normally do not contain
large trees. A large project is currently underway in Florida to study
the effect of secondarily treated municipal wastes in cypress swamps
(Odum et al., 1975). This study thus far has indicated that the cypress
swamp can receive troutea municipal sewage and take up many of the nutrients
without adverse effects.
Recently completed is a study of sewage uptake by a swamp system
for the municipality of Wildwood, which has been dumping its wastes into
a swamp ecosystem for over 20 years (Bayley, Zoltek, and Boyt, 1975;
17
8ayt,ot al., 1977). Ilils swamp roducos the nutrient concentrations
'that are introduced with the wastewater to below the normal concentra-
tions found in swamp waters in a similar swamp. Tree growth in the
wastewater swamps has boon greater than in area,, not receiving sewage
wastes. 'ilia data ,indicates that swamps can indeed receive municipal
socondarily treated wastewater with no adverse effects, and in fact
have a beneficial offect by increasing troo growth.
i
Marsh systems have not been as extensively studied as swamp
wetlands. Marsh systems included sawgrass, willow, wet prairie and slough
i
vegetation (arrow root and pickeral weed). Although there have been few
formal studies to show the uptake of nutrients by a particular marsh
community, there have been a number of studies which have shown that
marsh plants do take up nutrients to some extent (Gleason, 1974; Boyd,
1969; Steward and Ornes, 1975; Kadlec,at al., 1.975; Valeila,at al., 1975;
Burns, 1975). The preliminary measurements from the Clermont marsh
indicate that the mean biomass of the marsh adjacent to the sewage
plant receiving high sewage runoff was 477.7 g/m2 + S& 74.8. An
adjacent marsh which receives no sewage has a much lower biomass (X =
247 g/m2 + SE 35.3).
Ilia loading rates selected here represent the range of possible
loading rates indicated in the literature. The high value of .145 g P/m2-
day was higher than most of those in the literature and so represents
the upper level. Ilia lower value (.018 g P/m2-day) represents the level
that a marsh could take up over a long time period as indicated by a
modelling study of the Kissimee marsh (Burns, 1975). '[lie middle value
(.054 g P/m2-day) represents an intermediate value that is closer to most
of the literature values.
l ti
EXPERIMENTAL DATA
A. Chomlcal Analysis of Surface Water and Ground Water -- Monthly
1. Nitrogen
a. Total nitrogen
b. Organic and inorganic nitrogen
c. Nitrate, nitrite and ammonia nitrogen
2. Phosphorus
a. rotal phosphorus
b. Organic phosphorus
c. Orthophosphorus
3. PH and temperature
4. Suspended solids
S. Total organic carbon
G. Calcium, aluminum manganese and iron (not monthly)
B. Chemical Analysis Made at Prescribed 'Times, but not Monthly
1. Denitrification rate from water and soil surface
2. Nitrification rato
C. Hydrologic Moasurements
1. Water levels within plot -- continuous monitoring. This
provides ET value.
2. Sewage inflow
3. Water outflow -- continuous monitoring if possible
4. Rainfall
D. Biological Measurements
tation -- biomass quarterly except
1. Net productivity of marsh vege
monthly in growing season (May -October) — --
2. Nutrient content (nitrogen, phosphorus) of leaves, stems,
and some roots and soil
3. Litterfall -- with litter bags
4. Decomposition rates -- with decomposition bags
MODELLING
using collected data for validation, computer models will be made
of the marsh, water.,and nutrient system to help predict the effect of long
term application of effluent on the marsh. Particular emphasis will be
paid to increased deposition of peat due to high nutrient levels.
Various management options such as burning or grazing will be manipulated
on the computer to help provide management recommendations for marsh
wetlands.
19
L.ITHRAIORE Ci'1'1!II
Bayley, S.R., J. Zoltek, and F.L. Onyt. 1975. Removal of nutrients
from treated municipal wastewator by wotlnnd vegetation. Report
to thu City of 111.1dwood, Florida. (;enter for Wetlands, Gainesville,
Florida.
Boyd, C.R. 1969, Production, mineral nutrient absorption, and bio-
chomlCitl assimilation by Justleal amoricana and Alternanthern
nhiloxoroides. Arch. llydroblol, 66:139-160.
noyt, F.L., S.R. Bayley, and J. Zoltok. 1977. Removal of nutrients
from treated municipal wastewator by wotlnnd vegetation. J.
Water poll. Cont. Fed. 49(5):789-799.
Burns, L. 1975. Kissimmee Rivor Fioodplan Marsh Model. In: F.G.
Nordlio and T. Gayle (ods.) Witter Quality Models for Understanding
Potential Eutrophication in Lake Okeechobee, Florida. Report to
D.P.C. and Division of State Planning. p. 502-533.
Gleason, P.J. 1974. Environments of South Florida: present and past.
Miami Geological Society, 4600 Rickenbacker Cuaseway, Miami, Fla.
33149. 452 pp.
Kadlec, R.H., J.A. Kadlec, E.J. Richardson, and D.L. 'Tilton.1975.
The effects of sewage effluent on wetland ecosystems. Semi-annual
report No. 4. University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
Odum, H.T., and K.C. Ewel. 1975. Cypress wetlands for water management,
recycling and conservation. Annual Report to the National Science
Foundation and The Rockefeller Foundation. Center for Wetlands
University of Florida, Gainesville, Fla. 817 pp.
Sopper, W., and L. Kardos (eds.). 1973. Recycling treated municipal
wastewater and sludge through forest and cropland. Penn. State
Univ. Press, University Park. 436 pp.
Steward, K.K. and U.H. Ornes. 1975. Assessing a marsh environment
for wastewater renovation. J. Wat. Poll. Cont. Fed. 47:1380-1891.
Valeila, J., J. Teal, and 11. Sass. 1975. Production and dynamics of
salt marsh vegetation and the effects of experimental treatments
with sewage sludge. J. Appl. Ecol. 12:973-982.
20
REFERENCES
Ball, R.C. 1975. A facility for 'rucycling treated wastewater. In
Proceedings of the International Conference on the Runovation
and Recycling of Wastewater through Aquatic and Terrestrial
Systems. Institute of Water Research. Michigan State University,
East Lansing, Michigan.
Bayley, S. 1975. Freshwater marshes. In Currying Capacity for Man a
and Nature in South Florida. li.'r. OTium and M.T. Brown (ods.).
Center for Wetlands, Gainesville, Fla.
Boyd, C.E. 1968. Freshwater plants: a potential source of protein.
Econ. Dot. 22:359-368.
_ 1970a. Chemical analyses of some vascular aquatic plants.
Arch. Hydrohiol. 67:78-85.
1970b. Production, mineral accumulation and pigment concen-
trations in Typha latifolia.and Scir us americanus. Bull. 'Torrey
Bot. Club. 98:144-150.
1970c: Losses of mineral nutrients during decomposition of
7y�lta latifolia. Arch Hydrohiol. 66:511-517.
1971a. The dynamics of dry matter and chemical substances
in a Juncus effusus population. Am. Midl. Nat. 86:28-45.
1971b. Further studies on productivity nutrient and pigment
relationships in Typha latifolia populations. Bull. Torrey Bot.
Club. 98:144-150.
Bradbury, J.K., and G. Hofstra. 1976. Vegetation death and its importance
in primary production measurements. Ecology 57:209-211.
Broadbent, F.E., and D. Pal. 1975. Nitrification and denitrification
in soils receiving municipal wastewater. In: Proceedings of the
International Conference on the Renovation and Recycling of
Wastewater through Aquatic and Terrestrial Systems. Inst. of
Water Research. Mich. State University, East Lansing.
Davis, J.N. 1947. The peat deposits of Florida, their occurrence,
development and uses. Geological Bulletin No. 30. Fla. Dept.
Conserv. Fla. Geol. Surv., Tallahassee, Fla. 247 pp.
Engler, R.N., and W.H. Patrick, Jr. 1974. Nitrate removal from flood-
water overlying flooded soils and sediments. J. of Env. Quality,
3:409-413.
Florida Department of Administration. 1975. Florida General Soils Atlas
for Regional Planning Districts V and VI. Div. of State Planning,
Bureau of Comprehensive Planning, Tallahassee, Fla.
21
Qorloff, C.C., and P.11. Krombholz, 1966. Ti.ssuo analysis ns a measure
of nutrient availability for the growth of anglosporm nquatic
plants. Limnol. and Ocean., 11:529-537.
11ofsetter, R.H., and F. Persons. 1975. An ecological study of the
effects of fire on the wet• prairie, sawgrass glados and pinoland
communities of South Florida. Dept, of Biol., Univ. of Miami,
Coral Gables, Fla.
Jervis, R.A. 1969. Primary production in the freshwater marsh ecosystem
of 'Troy Meadows, N.J. Dull. 'Torrey Rot. Club. 96:209-231.
Kadlec, J.A. 1976. Dissolved nutrients in it poatland near Houghton
Lake, Michigan. In: Freshwater Wetlands and Sewage Effluent
Disposal. 'Tilton D.L., R.N. Kadlec, ❑nd C.11. Richardson (ods.)
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. 343 pp.
Lee, G.G. 1970. Factors affecting the transfer of materials between
water and sediments. Literature Review No. 1. Univ. of Wisconsin,
Water Resources Center. 51 pp.
Lee, G.P., E. Bentley, and R. Amundson. 1970, Effect of marshes on
water quality. Univ. of Wisconsin, Water Chemistry Program, Madison,
Wisc. 53706.
Lieth, 11. 1975. Primary productivity of the major vegetation units
of the world. In: Primary Productivity of the Biosphere. --
Lieth, N., and R.H. Whittaker (eds.). Springer-Verlag. New `
York. 339 pp.
Lindsley, D., T. Schuck, and F. Stearns. 1975. Productivity and nutrient j
contents of emergent macrophytes in two Wisconsin marshes. In:
Freshwater Wetlands and Sewage Effluent Disposal. Tilton, D.L.
R.H. Kadlec, and C.J. Richardson (eds.). Univ, of Michigan, Ann I
Arbor. 343 pp.
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). 1974. Climates
of the states, U.S. Dept. of Commerce.
Odum, E.P. 1971. Fundamentals of ecology. W.B. Saunders Co.,
Philadelphia. 574 pp.
Odum, E.P., and de la Cruz, A. 1967. Particulate organic detritus in
a Georgia salt -marsh estuarine ecosystem. In: Estuaries. G.N.
Lauff (ed.). Washington, AAAS. 755 pp.
Richardson, C.J., W.A. Wentz, J.P.N. Chamie, J.A. Kadlec, and D.L. Tilton.
1976. Plant growth, nutrient accumulation and decomposition in a
central Michigan peatland used for effluent disposal. In: Freshwater
wetland and Sewage Effluent Disposal.. Tilton, D.L., R.R. Kadlec,
and C.J. Richardson (eds). Univ. of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
Robinson, D.W., and J.G.D. Lamb.' 1975. Peat in horticulture. Academic
Press, New York. 170 pp.
zz
l
Sokal, R.R., and P.J. Rohlf. 1969. Dlometry. 11,11. Frooman. San
Francisco. 776'pp.
Whigham, D.V., and R.L. Simpson. 1975. Sawago spray irrigation in a
Dolawaro River freshwater tidal marsh. In: Freshwater Wetlands
and Sowage Effluont Disposal. Tilton, U.L., D.li. Kadlec and C.J.
Richardson Cods.). University of Michigan, Ann Arbor,.
Wiogort, R.G., and P.C. Evans. 1964. Primary production and the
disappearance of dead vegetation in an old field in southeastern
Michigan. Ecology 45:49-63
23
BUDGET
15 Months
Salarlo:: and Wages
J. Zoltok (13.34%'FTE - 15 Months) $ 4,669.00
S. Bayley (10% FTE - 15 Months) 2,875.00
Socrotarial-Clorical (100% - 2 months) 1,470.00
Student Wages and Casual Labor 22,080.00
Subtotal $31,094.00
Fringo Benefits 1,640.00
Total Salaries', Wages and Fringe Benefits* '.'$33,734.00
Overhead at 51% 16,694.00
Subtotal $49,428.00
Consultant - Virus Analysis 500.00
Permanent Equipment 1,500.00
Expenses:
Travel
Report Publication
Expendable Supplies, Matckinls, Telephone,
Postage, etc.
Dept. Administrative Assessment at $8/FTE/Qtr
on Career Service Personnel
TOTAL
Funding
EPA 75%
Clermont 2596
h�l
ACCOUNTS PAYABLE, AUGUST 23, 1977
GENERAL FUND
A & L Automotive Service
Armstrong Smith Paints
Bob Wade Ford
Bureau of Business Practice
Burroughs Corp.
Cal Hagstrom
Clemonts'
Clermont Hardware & Supply
Colonial Chry-Ply.
Crest Restaurant
Dust -Pox Service
Ed Ravin Auto Parts
Fla. Telephone Corp.
Fla. Power Corp.
Maddens Elect. Service
Orlando Paving Co.
Rally Chry-Ply.
W. M. 'Peal
Valbro Business Forms
UTILITIES DEPARTMENT
B & 11 Sales
Chemical Equip Service
Clermont Hardware & Supply
Deep Venture Diving Service
Delta Scientific
Fla. Telephone Corp.
Fla. Power Corp.
Harry P. Lou, Inc.
Maddens Elect. Service
Orlando Paving Co.
(Tube)
(Paint)
(Repair Seal•)
(Pouters)
(Office Supplion)
(Office Supplies)
(Pont Control)
(Hardware Supplion)
(Muffler & Pipe)
(Prisoner Meals)
(Janitoral Supplies)
(Wrecker Service)
(Utilities)
(Utilities)
(Repair Ice Machine)
(Asphalt)
(Brake Pads & Shoes)
(Petroleum Products)
(Office Supplies)
(Inventory Supplies)
(Repair Chlorinator-Grnnd Highway Well)
(Rope)
(Video Tape -Seminole Well)
(Filters)
(Utilities)
(Utilities)
(V-S Belts)
(Repair Pump Control)
(Asphalt)
3.76
46.44
45.76
15.15
25.20
82.45
10.00
10.14
62.56
80.40
24.20
50.00
464.84
5251.39
42.45 "
99.40
27.15
727.97
11.11
7080.37
52.00
95.05
6.00
40.00'''`
121.28
82.42
3725.40
158.05 `r+
16.50 -i
46.56
4343.20