Resolution No. 2021-022Rd=;
CITY OF CLERMONT
a,.add... RESOLUTION NO.2021-022R
A RESOLUTION OF THE CITY COUNCIL OF THE CITY OF
CLERMONT, LAKE COUNTY, FLORIDA, ADOPTING THE LAKE
COUNTY MULTI -JURISDICTIONAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN
AND PROVIDING AN EFFECTIVE DATE
WHEREAS, the Florida Division of Emergency Management and the Federal Emergency
Management Agency recommends that all local governments, in cooperation with their local
county department of emergency management, develop and maintain a hazard mitigation plan; and
WHEREAS, the City of Clermont desires to have and participate in this Plan to protect
the life and property of its citizens; and
WHEREAS, the City of Clermont, in cooperation with Lake County, has developed the
plan, policies and procedures necessary to plan and develop projects to protect the citizens of the
City of Clermont and Lake County from hazards;
NOW, THEREFORE, BE IT RESOLVED by the City Council of the City of Clermont,
Lake County, Florida that the City of Clermont adopts the proposed Lake County Multi -
Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan as shown in Exhibit A, identifying the hazards and strategies
to mitigate those hazards.
SECTION 1: EFFECTIVE DATE
This Resolution shall become effective upon its passage and adoption according to law.
S-- CITY OF CLERMONT
(L RESOLUTION NO.2021-022R
DONE AND RESOLVED by the Mayor of the City Council of the City of Clermont, Lake
County, Florida, this 13th day of April, 2021.
CITY OF CLERMONT
Tim Murry, Mayor
Tracy Ackroyd owe, City Clerk
Approved as to Form and Legality:
3
Daniel F. Mantzaris, City Attorney
LADE
COUNTY, FL
REAL FLORIDA • REAL CLOSE
Local Mitigation Strategy:
Multi -Jurisdictional Plan
2020
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
2020
Figuresand Tables....................................................................................................................... iv
Summaryof Changes.................................................................................................................... v
ExecutiveSummary...................................................................................................................... vi
I. Introduction.........................................................................................................................1
A. Purpose.................................................................................................................................1
B. Planning Process................................................................................................................. 1
a) Review of Community Capabilities and Incorporation of Existing Plans ............................. 1
C. Participating Organizations................................................................................................... 2
D. Public Participation................................................................................................................ 3
E. Update Process..................................................................................................................... 3
II. Hazard Identification and Vulnerability Assessment ..................................................
A. Introduction....................................................................................................................
B. Initial Hazard Identification..............................................................................................
C. Probability Summary .......................................................................................................
D. Hazard Profiles................................................................................................................
b) Drought........................................................................................................................
c Flooding ......••
d) Hail..............................................................................................................................
e) Extreme Heat..............................................................................................................
f) Tropical Cyclone Events..............................................................................................
g) Thunderstorms/Wind/Lightning....................................................................................
h) Sinkholes/Subsidence..................................................................................................
i) Tornadoes...................................................................................................................
j) Brush Fires, Wildfires and Forest Fires........................................................................
k) Erosion........................................................................................................................
1) Winter Storm/Freeze: ...................................................................................................
m) Dam or Levee Failure..................................................................................................
n) Epidemic/Pandemic.....................................................................................................
o) Hazardous Materials....................................................................................................
p) Civil Disorder/Disturbance............................................................................................
q) Cyberattack/Cyberterrorism.........................................................................................
5
5
7
.... 10
.... 10
.... 13
.... 16
.... 19
.... 21
.... 25
.... 29
.... 32
.... 37
.... 41
.... 42
.... 44
.... 46
.... 50
.... 52
.... 53
Table of Contents - i
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r) Terrorism........................................................................................................................
58
s) Prolonged Utility/Communications Failure........................................................................
59
t) Mass Casualty................................................................................................................
60
III.
Vulnerability Assessment Methodology and Conclusions .............................................
62
A.
Assessing Vulnerabilities.....................................................................................................
62
a) Repetitive Loss Properties...............................................................................................
62
b) Local Match Requirement/Potential Funding Sources ......................................................
63
B.
Land Use Trends and Potential Loss...................................................................................
63
C.
Critical Facilities and Structures..........................................................................................
64
D.
Mitigation Actions................................................................................................................
64
IV.
Mitigation Goals and Objectives......................................................................................
65
A.
Addressing Known Risks and Vulnerabilities.......................................................................
69
V.
National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) and Community Rating System (CRS) .......
70
VI.
Implementation..................................................................................................................
72
A.
Prioritization of Projects.......................................................................................................
72
VII.
Mitigation Project Priority List..........................................................................................
74
A.
Responsible for Mitigation Actions.......................................................................................
74
B.
Cost -Benefit Analysis..........................................................................................................
75
C.
Actions Completed..............................................................................................................
75
Vill.
Plan Maintenance..............................................................................................................
76
A.
LMS Monitoring and Evaluation...........................................................................................
75
B.
LMS Updates.......................................................................................................................
76
C.
Implementation through Existing Plans and Programs.........................................................
77
IX.
Authorities and References..............................................................................................
80
Appendix I: Attached SubAppendices...........................................................................................
Appendix II: LMS Working Group By -Laws and Membership..................................................... II
ARTICLE
I. PURPOSES OF THE WORKING GROUP...................................................................
II
ARTICLEII.
MEMBERSHIP.............................................................................................................
II
ARTICLE
III. ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE..............................................................................
II
A.
The Lake County LMS Working Group..................................................................................
II
D.
Committees..........................................................................................................................
III
E.
Program Staff.......................................................................................................................
III
ARTICLEIV. OFFICERS................................................................................................................
III
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ARTICLE V. RESPONSIBILITIES................................................................................................... III
A. The Lake County LMS Working Group................................................................................. III
a) Subcommittees.................................................................................................................III
ARTICLE VI. ACTIONS BY THE WORKING GROUP.....................................................................IV
A. Authority for Actions............................................................................................................. IV
B. Meetings, Voting and Quorum............................................................................................. IV
C. Emergency Actions by the Office of Emergency Management ............................................. IV
a) Special Votes................................................................................................................... IV
b) Public Hearings.................................................................................................................V
c) Documentation of Actions................................................................................................. V
ARTICLE VII. ADOPTION OF AND AMENDMENTS TO THE BYLAWS..........................................V
ARTICLE VIII. DISSOLUTION OF THE WORKING GROUP...........................................................V
AppendixIII: Maps and Figures...................................................................................................IX
Table of Contents - iii
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FIGURES AND TABLES
2020
Figure 1: 20-Year Drought Comparison for Lake County, FL (2000 — 2020)................................. 11
Figure 2: Florida Drought Risk (2000 - 2016)................................................................................ 12
Figure 3: Florida PDSI Trend (1885 - 2020)................................................................................... 13
Figure 4: Observed Number with Maximum Temperature Above 95 Degrees, State of Florida ...... 20
Figure 5: Hurricane Paths in Lake County and Central Florida, (1851 — 2017).............................. 24
Figure 6: Vaisala National Lightning Detection Network (2007 - 2016)........................................... 27
Figure 7: 2018 Subsidence Incidents............................................................................................. 32
Figure 8: February 2, 2007, EF3 Tornado Path, Lady Lake, Florida ............................................... 34
Figure 9: February 2, 2007, EF3 Tornado Path, Paisley, Florida .................................................... 35
Figure 10: Wildland Urban Interface (WUI) Risk Index................................................................... 40
Figure 11: Florida Extreme Cold Risk (2000 — 2016)...................................................................... 44
Figure 12: General Flood Zones for Lake County, FL...................................................................... IX
Figure 13: Wildland Urban Interface (WUI) Risk Index for Lake County, Florida...............................X
Table 1: Hazard Identification by Type............................................................................................. 6
Table 2: Summary Probabilities for Hazards to Locality................................................................... 8
Table 3: Summary Potential Hazard Impact to Locality.................................................................... 9
Table 4: Keetch-Byram Drought Index (KBDI) for Lake County, Florida (2011 — 2020) ................. 10
Table 5: Hail Storm Damage in Lake County Florida (2010 — Present) .......................................... 18
Table 6: Excessive Heat Threat Chart ............................................................................................ 19
Table 7: Saffir-Simpson Scale and Typical Damage...................................................................... 22
Table 8: Thunderstorm/Wind Events in Lake County (2010 — 2019)............................................... 28
Table 9: Measuring the Intensity of Tornadoes (Extent)................................................................. 33
Table 10: Tornado/Funnel Cloud Events in Lake County (2010 — 2020)........................................ 36
Table 11: Acres Burned due to Wildfires, Lake County, FL (2012 — 2019)..................................... 38
Table 12: Freeze and Wind Chill Events Lake County (2010 — 2020)............................................. 42
Table 13: Dams in Lake County, Florida........................................................................................ 45
Table 14: Common Types of Cyber Attacks................................................................................... 55
Table 15: Common Sources of Cybersecurity Threats................................................................... 56
Table 16: Flood Insurance Policy Information in Lake County........................................................ 71
Table 17: Using the STAPLEE Method to Prioritize Projects.......................................................... 73
Table 18: Municipality Policies Supporting Lake County LMS........................................................ 78
Table19: List of Appendices.............................................................................................................
Table 20: Lake County LMS Task Force Membership..................................................................... VI
Figures and Tables - iv
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SUMMARY OF CHANGES
2020
The Summary of Changes will list the routine updates that will be made to the LMS Plan once it has
been accepted. Changes made to the 2020 plan will be archived by Lake County Emergency
Management. This plan is a living document and can be changed at any time by the LMS Working
Group. Continual citizen participation and input by all interest parties is encouraged.
Plan Update
Comments/Purpose I Date
Plan was updated and revised in entirety. 1 2020 1 All
Summary of Changes - v
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
2020
Lake County is vulnerable to a variety of natural, technological, and human -caused hazards which
threaten the health and wellbeing of the community, affect economic health, and pose harm to the
environment. Lake County Emergency Management has convened a group of individuals
representing the county, the municipalities, and other interested parties to comprise the members of
the Lake County Local Mitigation Strategy Working Group (LMS Working Group) to monitor and
update this continual planning process.
This document is the result of a multi -jurisdictional approach to mitigation planning. Lake County along
with its municipalities formally adopted the existing Lake County Local Mitigation Strategy (2015) and
once this revision is approved, this updated document will be presented for adoption via a new
resolution.
The LMS Working Group conducted research to identify the hazards threatening Lake County in
ordered to estimate risk, impacts, and potential consequences relating to public, responder safety,
continuity of operations, continuity of government, property, facilities, infrastructure, environment,
economic issues, and public confidence in the county. The natural hazards in the LMS are mirrored
in the Comprehensive Emergency Management Plan (CEMP) for continuity and to facilitate an all -
hazards approach to planning.
Proposed projects and programs intended to reduce impacts of future natural disasters are called
mitigation projects. Mitigation projects are included in the project list and continue to be developed
and added to the list by the LMS Working Group as new hazard research is available, risk increases,
and as resources and opportunities become available. Implementing the LMS will help make Lake
County more resistant to the effects of major disasters.
The LMS will continue to be updated and expanded in the future to address changing hazards, reflect
the experiences of future disasters, and changes in the participating jurisdictions. The update process
and future versions of the LMS will be used to inform the public and encourage other interested parties
to participate more in making Lake County resilient.
Executive Summary - vi
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INTRODUCTION
2020
Mitigation is any action taken to permanently reduce or eliminate the risk to people and their property
from the effects of hazards. The Lake County Local Mitigation Strategy attempts to reduce some of
the risk associated with hazards by implementing mitigation projects within Lake County and its
municipalities. The LMS process is intended to be a framework for documenting the activities of the
LMS Working Group and the future mitigation activities within the County. This plan includes updated
bylaws of the LMS Working Group; and, the overall planning process is intended to make the LMS
Working Group more active in the coming years as well as find ways to further promote public
participation. The LMS Working Group has been established to prepare the community to be more
resistant and resilient to the effects of future disasters.
A. Purpose
The purpose of the LMS is to provide an on -going process that will encourage hazard mitigation
efforts as part of the ongoing planning efforts of Lake County. The LMS encourages evaluation of
all hazards to evaluate vulnerabilities and develop goals, objectives, plans, programs, and
projects to lessen the effects of those hazards and prioritize implementation of projects to further
these goals.
B. Plannina Process
The LMS Working Group is made up of representatives from Lake County governmental
agencies, incorporated municipalities, organizations and associations representing key business
industry, community interest groups, other governmental entities, and non-profit or faith -based
groups. Interested citizens are always welcome and encouraged to become involved in the
process. The Lake County LMS Working Group by-laws are located in Appendix II of this
document and were updated in this planning process.
The LMS Working Group encourages involvement in the mitigation planning process by each
jurisdiction in Lake County. Jurisdictions are encouraged to identify others that should be
participating on the LMS Working Group. In the past, annual meetings have been held in
December of each year for the purpose of preparing the annual update to be submitted. In January
of 2020, the Committee voted to move to a quarterly meeting schedule. The 5-year planning
update kick-off meeting was held on March 10, 2020 with Lake County Emergency Management
representatives followed by a meeting on May 8, 2020 with the LMS Working Group. The LMS
Working Group was noticed through email distribution with follow-up phone calls from the LMS
Coordinator. A formal public meeting was held on August 8, 2020 with the LMS Working Group
noticed via email distribution, website notice, and public notification. Further efforts by the Chair
and Vice -Chair to encourage participation and attention at meetings continued in preparation for
submission to the Florida Division of Emergency Management.
a) Review of Community Capabilities and Incorporation of Existin-g Plans
Lake County communities currently have several existing programs and plans related to
hazard mitigation and post -disaster redevelopment as listed in Appendix I-E of this Plan which
includes but is not limited to:
• Lake County Comprehensive Emergency Management Plan (CEMP) - The CEMP was
used to help identify the pertinent hazards for the LMS risk assessment.
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• Lake County Comprehensive Plan and Jurisdictional Comprehensive Plan(s) — The
Comprehensive Plan(s) were used to determine the direction of future growth, goals, and
objectives of the County and each jurisdiction.
• Jurisdictional Master Plans (City of Leesburg and City of Tavares) —Helped identify future
growth opportunities and plans, identified environmental impacts, and mitigation
opportunities.
• Lake County Code of Ordinances Chapter VI — Resource Protection Standards, 6.01.02:
Wetlands Impact and Mitigation, and the Lake -Sumter Metropolitan Planning Organization
(MPO) Transportation Plan — Codes were used to determine potential mitigation
measures.
• Lake County Community Wildfire Protection Plan (CWPP) — Identified wildfire
vulnerabilities within the County.
C. Participatincl Orclanizations
Lake County encourages participation from all of its jurisdictions and enables any entity within the
jurisdictions or unincorporated county to be involved in the planning effort. Those involved in the
process include: Astatula, Clermont, Eustis, Fruitland Park, Groveland, Howey-in-the-Hills, Lady
Lake, Lake County, Leesburg, Mascotte, Minneola, Montverde, Mount Dora, Tavares, Umatilla,
and The Villages.
This is the inclusive list of all jurisdictions that must approve the LMS as a multi -jurisdictional plan.
Each jurisdiction is responsible for actual implementation of the plan within their boundaries and
ensuring that their projects meets the needs of the communities. Participation will be identified by
attendance at meetings, both in person and virtual, and active involvement in the process. These
are the same jurisdictions that were involved in the 2015 plan. The desire of this plan is to foster
further participation from all municipalities and to meet on a more consistent basis in the future.
Participation in the planning process included the following entities:
Advanced Planning Consultants, LLC
City of Clermont
City of Eustis
City of Leesburg
City of Mount Dora
City of Tavares
City of Umatilla
Florida Department of Health in Lake County
Lake County Emergency Management
Lake County Public Works Department
Lake County Schools
Lake County Stormwater Section
Lake County Office of EMS
Town of Montverde
Villages Community Development District
Withlacoochee Forest Center
The LMS Working Group has had participation from all remaining jurisdictions due to contact with
each entity by members of the Office of Emergency Management to obtain updated information
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for the LMS Update. Email meeting notices are sent to any and all interested parties both within
and outside of Lake County to encourage participation.
D. Public Participation
The LMS Working Group has benefited from the assistance and support of its many members
and support staff and intends to continue its efforts to engage more members of the community
in the planning process, including more representatives of the private sector. The public will have
additional opportunities to provide input on this updated LMS Plan, such as through the Lake
County website and municipal meetings where the plan will be formally adopted by resolution
within each Lake County community. A copy of the Local Mitigation Strategy for Lake County is
available on the county website at: hftps:/Ilakecggntyfl.gov/offices/emergenc
This webpage also provides other mitigation information to the public along with a contact link
back to the Office of Emergency Management.
The LMS Working Group welcomes public input and encourages participation through legal
notices of upcoming public meetings. Future meetings which may be conducted utilized web
conferencing will also include a gathering at the Emergency Operations Center for interested
parties to attend, listen, and participate in the planning process. Once the updated plan is posted
on the website, opportunity for public comment and input will be available prior to adoption.
Public input during held meetings is captured within the meeting minutes (Appendix I-C).
Comments are addressed by the Committee for incorporation into the document. As noted, public
input options are available via the County website, however, no comments were received for the
2020 submission.
Once the plan is adopted, it will remain on the website, available for public comment and input in
an ongoing process. In addition to this planning process, many of the jurisdictions maintain their
own efforts to inform the public about potential hazards, hazard mitigation, and this planning
process. Lake County and the LMS Working Group will continue efforts to develop a more robust
planning process and encourage more participation and involvement from the jurisdictions,
interested parties, and the public.
E. Update Process
During the 2020 Lake County LMS Update, the LMS Working Group took the following actions:
• In 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019 and 2020 annual meetings of the LMS Working Groups were
noticed to the public and held with attendance and meeting minutes provided to document
the process.
• In March 2020, Lake County Emergency Management hired a consultant to assist in the
update process.
• The plan was reviewed and rewritten to be compliant with the 2020 Florida Local Mitigation
Strategy Crosswalk
• The General Section include the Introduction, purpose, and planning process and was
revised to reflect the current approach.
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• The Risk Assessment Section was reviewed for applicable hazards and to be consistent
with the Lake County Comprehensive Emergency Management Plan (CEMP).
• Mitigation Goals Section includes the goals, projects list, National Flood Insurance (NFIP)
and Community Rating System (CRS) and was updated to reflect the current list, current
NFIP and CRS information.
• Plan Maintenance Section include monitoring and evaluation; the update process; and
process for project implementation and was updated to reflect the current approach.
• LMS Working Group By -Laws Appendix contains the policies of the LMS Working Group
and was updated to include the current practices.
The Draft Plan was provided to the LMS Working Group for their review and comment. Another
meeting will be conducted to review the Final Draft and approve all changes. The LMS Working
Group will continue to solicit input from anyone who may have an interest in the process and
include any additional parties as needed as required by Florida Administrative Code 27P-22.
As with the 2015 LMS update, the 2020 LMS goals, objectives, and priorities remain unchanged
and continue to guide this document as is consistent with the County goals and priorities.
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II. HAZARD IDENTIFICATION AND VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT
A. Introduction
2020
The purpose of the hazard identification and vulnerability assessment is to use best available
information and technology to identify and evaluate potential hazard risks facing Lake County, as
well as provide the factual basis for mitigation activities proposed in Lake County's LMS that aim
to reduce those risks. The vulnerability assessment provides for the identification and analysis of
known hazards that may threaten life and property across the entire planning area. It also includes
the results of a multi -jurisdictional vulnerability assessment conducted for each of Lake County's
municipal jurisdictions to determine where locally specific risks vary from those facing the rest of
the county.
Lake County is vulnerable to a wide range of hazards that threaten life and property. FEMA's
current regulations and guidance under the Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000 (DMA 2000) require,
at a minimum, an evaluation of a full range of natural hazards. The Hazards within the Lake
County LMS are broken up into two main hazard types:
• Natural Hazards - Are threats of a naturally occurring event will have a negative effect on
life, property and the environment.
• Societal Hazards - are hazards that are created by humans or hazards that directly impact
humans by means other than a natural or technological incident.
Technological Hazards - Include those that are caused by man-made technological
advancements, although some can be a result of natural hazards in specific
circumstances.
B. Initial Hazard Identification
The potential hazards that may affect the residents and visitors to Lake County are reviewed on
a regular basis. Each jurisdiction will be addressed individually however we begin with a general
overview at the county level of each of the hazards. This plan is in line with FEMA's guidance by
focusing on hazards that directly affect Lake County.
Each of the initially identified hazards were studied for their potential impact on Lake County as
well as in terms of the availability of hazard mitigation strategies to reduce that impact. Best
available data on historical occurrences, the geographic location, and extent, as well as the
probability of future occurrences, were collected and reviewed as part of the hazard identification
process in the following sections.
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The table below lists the range of hazards identified in this risk assessment:
Table 1: Hazard Identification by Type
Natural
Natural
Natural
Natural
Natural
Natural
Natural
Natural
Natural
Natural
Natural
Natural/Societal
Technological
Technological
Technological
Technological
Technological
Societal
Societal
Hazard
Hazard -Specific Effects
Extreme Temperatures
Flooding _
Hail
Extreme Heat Drought
_Tropical C cy lone Events High Winds; Flood; Tornadoes
Thunderstorms/Wind/Lightning Wildfire-
Sinkholes/Subsidence
Tornadoes High Winds
Wildland Fire/Wildfire
Erosion
Winter Storm/Freeze
Epidemic/Pandemic
Dam/Levee Failure
Hazardous Materials
Terrorism
Prolonged Utility/Communications
Failure
Civil Disorder/Disturbance
Mass Casualty
Mass Casualty/Fatality
Floodino
Fixed Facilities; Transportation;
Radiological Release; Biological
Critical Infrastructure Disruption
Mass Casualty/Fatality
Critical Infrastructure Disruption
2020
Some hazards are not listed due to the geographic location and characteristics of the planning
area, and are not relevant to Lake County and the participating jurisdictions, i.e. volcanoes and
earthquakes. There are no volcanoes in the Southeast United States that would impact Lake
County. Additionally, past impacts and potential future impacts due to earthquakes are considered
negligible and, therefore, not included in this plan.
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C. Probability Summary
Each hazard is described and ranked based on relative risk using probability and severity as the
identified measures.
Probability is based on historical information and considers the likelihood that Lake County will
see an impact by the hazard within a given period of time.
• N = None: No previous occurrence and considered no threat
• L = Low: Some potential every 16 years or more
• M = Moderate: Potential occurrence every 3 to 15 years
• H = High: Potential to exist every 1 to 2 years
Based on the history of the hazards occurring and all available information, a summary of
probabilities table has been created to determine then likelihood of a hazard occurring within a
certain number of years. Table 2 indicates summary probabilities for the hazards identified in this
plan.
Additionally, impacts are addressed by how the populations and structures could potentially be
affected. It is important to note that a hazard with a low probability of occurring can be just as
severe as one with a high probability of occurring. Table 3 indicates the potential impact a hazard
may have based on the following criteria.
• N = None: No impact expected
• L = Low: Special portions of the population affected; day to day operations not
affected; minor cosmetic damage to structures possible
• M = Moderate: Approximately 50% of population affected; mobile homes and poorly
built or maintained structures impacted
• H = High: Significant portions of the population impacted; major damage to old,
poorly maintained mobile home structures; some damage to
structures built to recently approved building code
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D. Hazard Profiles
b) Drought
2020
Description
A drought is a period of time when an area or region experiences below -normal
precipitation. The lack of adequate precipitation, can cause reduced soil moisture or
groundwater, diminished stream flow, crop damage, and a general water shortage.
2. Location and Extent
All areas of Lake County are subject to the effects of drought conditions. Since Lake
County has a large number of lakes, drought effects of lowered water levels may impact
tourism for those that participate in activities on the water. Resident populations would not
be unduly affected other than an inconvenience. Agricultural concerns such as the
horticulture, animal services, citrus, and vegetable crops could be affected by a long-term
drought which could have a negative economic effect. Critical facilities and infrastructure
would likely be unaffected. Considering these factors, a drought would have a low impact
to residents and critical infrastructure but have more moderate impact to agriculture.
The extent of drought in Florida is generally measured through one of two indices, the
Keetch-Byram Drought Index (KBDI) or the U.S. Drought Monitor Index. While Lake
County historically has not been immune to regional or statewide droughts, recent
population growth has accelerated the depletion of water supplies. The KBDI has a range
from 0 for no drought to 800 being the most severe drought. Table 3 summarizes the mean
KBDI for Lake County since 2011.
Table 4: Keetch-Byram Drought Index (KBDI) for
Lake County, Florida (2011 — 2020)'
Date
June 5, 2011
December 5, 2011
June 5, 2012
December 5, 2012
June 5, 2013
December 5, 2013
June 5, 2014
December 5, 2014
June 5, 2015
December 5, 2015
June 5, 2016
January 1, 2017 _
June 5, 2017
December 5, 2017
June 5, 2018
December 5, 2018
June 5, 2019
December 5. 2019
http://currentweather.freshfromflorida.com/current-report.html
2 Data only available for prior 3 years from current date
KBDI
559
437
367
499
99
454
344
81
449
N/A2
NIA
457
431
359
55
405
447
274
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3. Previous Occurrences
2020
During 1977, a two -month dry emergency caused an estimated $30,000,000 in damages
to Florida, and the Governor declared a three-month drought during 1979, the worst since
1971.
The drought from 1997-2002 was considered to be a "very serious" drought according to
the St. John's Water Management District. Lake County instituted water restrictions for
itself at the same time that many other counties were doing the same. This drought also
played a role in the extensive wildfires and sinkholes that occurred during the summers of
this time period.
Since 2000, the longest duration of drought (D1-D4) in Florida lasted 124 weeks beginning
on April 11, 2006 and ending on August 19, 2008. The most intense period of drought
occurred the week of February 27, 2001 where D4 (Exceptional Drought) affected 39.08%
of Florida land.3
No major drought events have taken place since the last LMS update.
The figure below shows a 20-year comparison of drought by condition for Lake County.
D4 drought conditions are defined as conditions where exceptional and widespread
crop/pasture losses occur as well as shortages of water which create water emergencies.
Figure 1: 20-Year Drought Comparison for Lake County, FL (2000 — 2020)
Lake County (FL) Percent Area
w.�
7, 7, t.a i
4. Probability of Future Events
As of January 2020, the Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) categorized the region in
a "moderate (D1) to severe (D2) drought." Using historical records, it can be estimated
that Lake County will experience at least one drought every two to three years.
There is no way to predict when a drought will occur or how long it may last. Drought
conditions existed in Florida from 1965 through 1982, from 1997 to 2002, 2006 to present
with some relief the rainy months in 2013 and 2014. The conditions of various areas of
the state have are affected to different degrees.
5. Vulnerability and Risk Assessment
It is increasingly likely that Lake County could have another drought or extreme heat event.
Extreme heat events can occur simultaneously with drought, but either can occur without
3 hftps://www.drought.ciov/drought/states/florid
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2020
the other. While extreme heat events can cause death to any person of any age, the
elderly, very young, and mobility restricted are considered the most at risk.
It is expected that the county could see an average of up to 12 weeks or more of drought
each year (Figure 1) based on the average number of weeks of drought that occurred from
the year 2000 through 2016 according to the data acquired from U.S. Drought Monitor
( ughtmonitor.unl.edu/].
Figure 2: Florida Drought Risk (2000 - 2016)
Source' U.S. Drought Monitor .�
Lake County is uniformly vulnerable to drought. Drought is typically associated with crop
damage, and not necessarily the built environment (i.e., improved property). In a worst -
case scenario, drought within Lake County could reach moderate to severe levels (400
to 800) out of a potential score of 800 on the KBDI Index.
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The Palmer Drought Severity Index data for the State of Florida from 1895 to 2020 has
shown a trend of more frequent severe drought conditions as seen in the figure below.
Figure 3: Florida PDSI Trend (1885 - 2020)
Jmer Drought Severity Index (P
1895 1915 '925 '-•'r '
_ 1895-2020 Trend
(-0-07,'Decade)
6.OD
4-On
2-oO
0-Ou
-2.00
-1.0"
Lake County has experienced mostly moderate drought conditions over the last five years.
Heavy rains during the rainy season can reduce the drought index substantially, however
dry spells can increase the number in a relatively short time period. It is important to note
that during prolonged cold spells when conditions are often windy, it will make conditions
dry very quickly. Fires can be triggered from careless activities during extremely dry
periods and water consumption may have to be curtailed if consumptions exceed rainfall
and replenishment of the water table.
During a drought water levels in rivers and lakes would become lower, as would the water
table. Local governments and water management districts within the County would find it
necessary to impose water usage restrictions. Farmers would be particularly affected by
the drought conditions, as the water table fell and deeper wells had to be drilled for
irrigation purposes.
c) Flooding
1. Description
Flooding is a general and temporary condition of partial or complete inundation of normally
dry land areas from:
• The overflow of inland or tidal waters;
• The unusual and rapid accumulation or runoff of surface waters from any source
For the state as a whole, flooding is a problem due to much of the state being at sea level.
Lake County is very fortunate to have more elevation than other counties due to its interior
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2020
location. While flooding can result from either storm surge associated with hurricanes, by
riverbank overflow, or by pooling of water, it is the latter two that represent a potential
hazard to Lake County. Heavy rains within a drainage area and the inability of a river to
accommodate the added runoff can cause flooding resulting in overflow. Storm water
runoff is also a problem that occurs because of poor urban development in areas subject
to flash flooding. Hurricane -induced flooding can also present problems for low-lying areas
of Lake County. These areas may experience flooding from either a "direct hit" or a storm
that passes close by. Rainfall varies with each hurricane; however, on the average, the
normal hurricane delivers between ten and twelve inches of rain. Non -tropical storm
systems can also linger and be significant rainmakers as well.
2. Location and Extent
Topography in Lake County is varied. Ground elevations range from less than 5 feet above
National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929 (NGVD) along the St. Johns River to a high of
312 feet NGVD (LISGS; 7.5 min. Quads). Landforms in Lake County are of three basic
types: ridges, valleys, and uplands. Lake County has 1,345 lakes whose surface areas
are 2.5 acres or more. About 32 percent of the county is taken up by lakes, swamps, and
marshes; 33 percent by open undeveloped land; 21 percent by agriculture; 12 percent by
Ocala National Forest; and 2 percent by urban use.
Lake County has more than 1,300 lakes comprising a total of 202 square miles. 45.5 per
cent of the county's acreage is in the 100-year floodplain. According to Federal Emergency
Management Agency Flood Insurance Rate Maps (FIRM), most of the county's 100-year
floodplain area lies in A, ANI, AO, or AH flood zones, with about 21 % in the AE Zone.
Certain areas of Lake County are low-lying and subject to flooding from rising water.
Specific areas include those along the western shores of Lake Apopka, the complete
shoreline of Lake Louisa, the western shorelines of Lake Minnehaha and Lake Minneola,
the complete shoreline of Lake Dora, Lake Yale, Lake Akron, and along the entire western
shoreline of the St. John's River. Many of the lakes could be impacted as well, although
drainage wells and improved drainage systems have mitigated problems in these areas.
There are three primary areas within Lake County that would typically be affected by rain
events: the St. Johns River area in extreme Northeast Lake County, the Green Swamp
area in Southern Lake County and the Wekiva River area that straddles Seminole County
to the east. These areas could have issues if heavy rains fell simultaneously in the
counties surrounding Lake County, adding to the volume of runoff. Aside from these
primary areas, ponding could occur anywhere in Lake County in low areas that are
characterized by either poorly drained or supersaturated soils (high water table). There
are no specific drainage patterns that aggravate flood conditions in the County, according
to the St. John's River Water Management District.
Lake County has a vested interest in participating in the federal floodplain mapping project
and the Community Rating System (CRS), where appropriate, in order to assist
homeowners and businesses with decisions about property vulnerability and flood
insurance. The National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) allows property owners in the
100-year flood zone to acquire federal flood insurance policies on land subject to flood
hazards. Only the county participates in the CRS a Federal Emergency Management
Agency (FEMA) program, which qualifies residents for reduced rates on flood insurance.
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These vary depending on the level of activities the jurisdiction performs to reduce its flood
potential.
With regard to determining the extent of magnitude and severity of flooding that has taken
place, there is not a scale like hurricanes and tornadoes. Even what has been considered
as "minor" flooding could impact roadways, structures and the quality of life of residents.
However, one tool that can measure severity along waterways is available from the
National Weather Service. A river gauge had been installed at the St. Johns River in Astor
to monitor the flood stage of the river to generate forecasts to better warn residents of
potential flooding conditions.
In summary, Lake County has an abundance of lakes and fresh water bodies within its
boundaries. The County itself lies above the aquifer that hydrates much of the Central
Florida region. Southwest Lake County is an Area of State Environmental Concern, as it
is an environmentally sensitive recharge area. The various maps provided that identify
areas within the 100-year flood plain are merely tools to assist in planning. This is not to
say that areas outside of the 100-year flood plain will not flood, because that simply is not
the case. In recent years in the United States, it has been said that people have been
caught off guard because the maps and plans said that they would not flood. However,
the reality is that the State of Florida is extremely flat and subject to flooding a great deal
more than other states. Lake County and municipal partners need to continue to monitor
drainage patterns and reoccurring flood areas to pursue future mitigation activities.
3. Previous Occurrences
One of the aspects of living in Florida is the frequent downpours from thunderstorms in
the summer months and the moisture sources that can feed storm systems, much of which
can cause pooling of water along roadways and low-lying areas. Listing every heavy rain
event that has taken place within Florida would be virtually impossible. There have been
two significant flooding events in Lake County in the last ten years.
• Hurricane Matthew Flooding, 2016: Rain bands associated with Hurricane
Matthew produced a swath of heavy rain of between 3.5 and 4.5 inches from
Clermont to Mount Plymouth, resulting in areas of minor urban, roadway and
lowland flooding. The St. Johns River near Astor peaked just below moderate flood
stage. A total of 10 residents evacuated to shelters within the county due to the
potential for river flooding.4
Hurricane Irma Flooding, 2017: Rain bands associated with Hurricane Irma
produced rainfall totals between 8 and 12 inches, resulting in areas of urban and
poor drainage flooding. Numerous roadways were impacted by significant levels
of standing water and many retention ponds reached capacity or overflowed.'
4. Probability of Future Events
The probability of future occurrence is medium -high as heavy rains associated with low
lying areas, poor drainage areas and riverine overflow can result in flooding. Intense
rainfall in a short period of time can cause flash flooding. The location and distribution of
4 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.isp?id=661662
5 htts://www.ncdc.noaa. ov/stormevents/eventdetails.is ?id=720120
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the rainfall, the land use and topography, vegetation types and growth/density, soil type,
and soil water -content are all contributing factors.
5. Vulnerability and Risk Assessment
With the exception of the highly elevated areas of Lake County that are out of the reach
of areas that could collect water, all areas are subject to the effects of flooding, including
those areas identified as being less likely to flood. For this reason, Lake County and
municipal partners need to be vigilant about monitoring flood conditions with future events
to enhance their planning efforts. Flooding can impact residential areas with their local
roadways and lift stations that may be impacted if they become surrounded with water.
The Astor area has been particularly susceptible and damage is limited to individual
homes. Areas along the St. Johns River can be impacted however are limited to individual
homes that may become isolated. Emerald Lakes in Clermont has an ongoing flooding
issue that is currently mitigated by the efforts of the subdivision. However, if their efforts
were to fail there is a wastewater facility that would be inundated and would result in the
need to evacuate the subdivision. Most of the county's businesses and critical facilities
(including fire facilities and hospitals) are not located in hazardous areas and would likely
not suffer impacts that would affect the general population. Given the possible effects to
the entire population of Lake County, flooding has been designated to have a high impact
potential.
Specific impacts that could occur include:
Injury/death due to: drowning, vehicle accidents, becoming trapped, exposure to
hazardous materials/wastewater.
Damage to property: mold, repair or replacement of damaged property, issues due to
uninsured property damage.
The Flood Risk Map generated from 2013 FEMA Flood Risk Report for Lake County is
shown in Appendix III: Maps and Figures - General Flood Zones for Lake County, FL.
Additional information regarding flood risks within the county can be found in the FEMA
Lake County Flood Risk Report. s
d) Hail
Description
Hail is frozen precipitation that can occur during a thunderstorm. Hail forms when
raindrops freeze into balls of ice. Up until January 2010, severe hail in Lake County was
defined as three -fourths of an inch (penny size) or larger. However, in January 2010, the
National Weather Service raised the hail size criteria for Severe Thunderstorm Warnings
from 0.75-inch (penny size) to 1.00 inch (quarter size).
According to the National Weather Service, within Florida, many storms which have the
potential for 0.75-inch hail also have the potential to produce 50-knot + (58 mph +) winds.
Many storms capable of producing 0.75-inch to just below 1-inch size hail will still require
Severe Thunderstorm Warnings for 50-knot + (58 mph +) damaging winds. Special
6 Lake County Flood Risk Report accessible from: hftps://msc.fema..00v/portal/advanceSearch
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Weather Statements will continue to be issued for "strong storms," generally those with
45-57 mph winds and small hail, below 1.00-inch.
2. Location and Extent
Severe thunderstorms can happen anytime of the year in Central Florida and produce hail
at any time. Although, hail storm events occur most often during the late winter and early
spring severe weather season and as previously mentioned, often accompany
thunderstorms or tornadoes. A hail event has no geographic limitations to the area it
affects. Therefore, it is presumed that all of Lake County is uniformly at risk to a hail event.
On average, Lake County has seen hail from .75 to 1.75 inches in diameter. Lake County
would expect to receive the same size diameter hail and possibly even greater sizes,
which may occur from extremely high cloud tops that develop.
Damage from hail increases with the size of the hail and can cause damage to vehicles,
aircraft, and homes, and can be fatal to people and livestock. However, Florida
thunderstorms do not often include hail because the hailstones usually melt before they
reach the ground because of the generally warm temperatures in Lake County.
3. Previous Occurrences
Mapping between the years of 1955-2002 indicates fewer than 35 severe hailstorms
(using the former criteria) have struck Lake County during that timeframe. A couple of
previous occurrences that produced substantial damage include:
• Winter Storm in 1986: A storm that hit Lake County produced hail the size of golf
balls in and around the Leesburg area of Lake County.
Hail Storm of 1992: The most destructive hailstorm in east central Florida history
occurred on March 25, 1992 across Lake, Orange, and Seminole counties. An
estimated $60 million dollars in damage occurred, with losses concentrated among
nursery greenhouses and car dealerships.
Since 2010 there have been 24 documented hail storm events in Lake County (Table 4)
with hail ranging in size from .75 to 1.75 inches in diameter. None of these hail storms
resulted in property damage or crop damage or any significance. Locations and dates of
hail storms are listed in the table that follows. Should hail occur, it could cause damage to
car dealerships and the agricultural enterprises which include greenhouses, horticulture,
foliage, and citrus crops. Damage to car dealerships has occurred in the past and could
happen again in the future. This could result in an economic effect to the County. Tourism,
critical facilities, and infrastructure would likely not be impacted. Other than injuries to
individuals that may get caught out in the hail storm, populations would not be affected.
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Table 5: Hail Storm Damage in Lake County Florida (2010 — Present)'
Location
Lake Minnehaha
Lake Louisa
Astor Park
Howey-in-the-Hills
South Clermont
Sylvan Shores
Lake Dora
South Clermont
Mount Dora
Groveland
Eustis
Lake Louisa
Lake Dora
Fruitland Park
Sorrento
Leesburg
Tavares
Grand Island
Okahumpka
Mount Plymouth
Paisley
Okahumpka
Date Size Damages
6/15/2011
j 1.00
-0-
-0-
4/20/2012
1.50
4/20/2012
1.75
-0-
7/09/2012
0.75
-0-
3/24/2013
1.00
-0-
4/30/2013
1.00
-0-
4/30/2013
0.88
-0-
5/19/2013
0.88
-0-
�2/12/2014
1.00
-0-
6/10/2014
1.00
-0-
6/20/2015
1.00
-0-
7/3/2015
1.00
-0-
3/26/2016
1.00
-0-
5/4/2016 0.88
-0-
5/29/2016
1.00
-0-
1 /22/2017
1.00
-0-
1 /22/2017
1.00 -0-
1.00 -0-
0.88 -0-
1.00 -0-
0.75 -0-
1.00 -0-
1 /22/2017
7/4/2017
7/17/2017
6/28/2018
3/27/2019
4. Probability of Future Events
Based on the frequency of hail events in the past, the probability of future hail occurrences
in Lake County is high. Over the past 10 years, Lake County has been impacted by one
or more hail events per year. It can be expected that future hail events will continue to
cause minor to severe damage to property throughout Lake County.
5. Vulnerability and Risk Assessment
As it cannot be predicted where hail may fall, all existing and future buildings, facilities,
and populations in Lake County are considered to be equally exposed to this hazard and
could potentially be impacted. Hail can become as big as baseballs or golf balls; however,
Florida typically experiences hail the size of pennies (0.75-inches) or quarters (1.00-
inches). An average hail storm can last for a few minutes to hours. While all of Lake
County's assets are equally exposed to hail, anticipated future damages or losses are
expected to be minimal. When looking at the damage amounts associated with historical
occurrences, hail generally would have a low impact to Lake County and its jurisdictions.
7 hftp://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents
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e) Extreme Heat
2020
1. Description
Extreme heat is defined as extended period where the temperature and relative humidity
combine for a dangerous heat index. During the summer months heat can be very
dangerous, as it can induce hyperthermia (heat stroke), heat exhaustion, or dehydration.
2. Location and Extent
All of Lake County is equally at -risk from extreme heat. It is also especially hazardous to
certain segments of the population such as the elderly and young children. Additionally,
heat increases the demand for electricity to operate air conditioners, increasing the
likelihood of brownouts and blackouts within the electrical grid.
While there are various definitions for extreme heat (or heat waves), the National Weather
Service issues a heat advisory when the daytime temperatures will exceed a certain
temperature depending on the time of the year. It is during these times that those
vulnerable populations will be especially prone to extreme heat -related illnesses and
conditions. Florida is quite accustomed to daytime temperatures in the 90's in the
summertime. Also, with Florida being a peninsula, the breezes from both coastlines
assists in keeping the temperatures generally below 1000 F. The table below shows the
heat threat levels from the National Weather Service.
Table 6: Excessive Heat Threat Chart$
Excessive Heat
Threat Level Descriptions
Threat Level
Extreme
-An .. =Wife and P _ t'
Highest heat index 118 degrees (F) or greater
High
'A High Thread to Life and Property fluor Excessive Heat
Highest heat index 113-117 degrees (F) or greater
Moderate
A Moderate Threat to Life and Property from Excessive Heat'
Highest heat index 108-112 degrees (F) or greater
Low
`A Low Threat to Life and Property from Excessive Heat"
Highest heat index 105-107 degrees (F) or greater.
"A Very Low Threat to Life and Property from Excessive Heat"
Very Low
Highest heat index around 105 degrees (F) for July and August
or ... between 102-104 degrees (F) for June through September
or... between 99-103 degrees (F) for May through October
Non -Threatening
"No Discernable Threat to Life and Property from Excessive Heat"
Warm season weather conditions are non -threatening
8 htts://www-weather. ovlmlb/heat threat
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Florida typically experiences far fewer days with temperatures exceeding 100OF than most
other southern states, it is the most humid state in the nation leading to uncomfortable
summers for visitors and local residents. As mentioned, extended periods of extreme heat,
especially when combined with high humidity, can result in heat -related illness among
vulnerable populations, as well as place excess stress on agricultural production, water
supplies, and energy generation.9
Figure 4: Observed Number with Maximum Temperature Above 95 Degrees,
State of Florida
0 30
28
Q
26
T 24
c
0 m 22
o Q
W 20
E f— 18
=) E
z 0 16
E
CU 14
12
10
Observed Number of Very Hot Days
'Cr � � 19t 4 d '�:J- Ict ';t d- 'It
o r CRl M Lo LO I` 00 01 0
I I 1 I I I I I I I I I
0 o O o C] O o O O O o 0
o r CV M It LO Lfl r` 00 01 o
0) 0) 0) 0) 0) 0n 0) Qi 0) 0) 0 0
5-year Period
3. Previous Occurrences
Research from past years did not produce data that revealed extraordinary hot spells
within Florida. However, a noteworthy period in Central Florida, including all of Lake
County, was the heat wave of June — July 1998, when coastal breezes were impeded —
allowing temperatures across the region to range between the upper 90's and 101
degrees. Wildfires became extreme in certain parts of Central Florida (National Weather
Service, Melbourne). This time was known as the '98 Florida Firestorm.
4. Probability of Future Events
Extreme heat has a moderate probability of having a significant impact to Lake County.
As noted, each year Florida typically has several days over 95 degrees in which increases
the likelihood of an extreme heat event.
9 https://statesummaries.ncics.org/chapter/fl/
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5. Vulnerability and Risk Assessment
All areas of Lake County are susceptible to extreme heat. A significant heat wave
coinciding with a drought could damage crops creating an economic effect. Additionally,
the homeless and elderly populations would have an increased risk of potential
hyperthermia (heat stroke), heat exhaustion, or dehydration. Lake County would have to
consider opening shelters to accommodate these populations. Tourism would not
necessarily be impacted as hot weather is expected in Florida. Critical facilities and
infrastructure would not likely be impacted.
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, in 2018 it was estimated that the median age in
Lake County was 47.3 and increase from 45.6 in 2010. Additionally, as of 2018, 26.63%
of the population in Lake County was aged 65 years or older (an increase from 25.7% in
2010), representing a rather sizable portion of the county that is more vulnerable to
extended periods of extreme heat (or heat waves). The county continues to be a
destination for retirees and has seen, and will continue to see, its elderly population
increase. Also, urbanization will lead to an increase in the "heat island" effect from an
increase in impervious surfaces, which only exacerbates extreme heat as a hazard in the
future. Considering all of these factors, extreme heat would generally have a moderate
impact to Lake County and its jurisdictions.
f) Tropical Cyclone Events
1. Description
A hurricane is a tropical cyclone. A tropical cyclone is a rapidly rotating storm system
characterized by a low-pressure center, a closed low-level atmospheric circulation, strong
winds, and a spiral arrangement of thunderstorms that produce heavy rain or squalls.
Hurricanes and tropical storms have long affected Florida because of its location. As a
narrow peninsula between two warm bodies of water, Florida is regularly affected by
hurricanes. The greatest threats to Lake County posed by a hurricane are wind damage
and inland flooding. Wind damage from the storm itself is related to wind speed and the
accompanying "pressure" that is exerted on structures. When the wind speed doubles,
four times more force is exerted on structures. Wind damage can also be caused by
hurricane -spawned tornadoes, which can be more destructive than the hurricane itself.
Damage can also be caused by wind-borne debris and flood conditions.
2. Location and Extent
The entire County to susceptible to tropical cyclone events. Over the course of the past
century, a very large number of storms have crossed the Central Florida region from
various directions. Lake County is no stranger to tropical systems, which can have severe
impacts on health, safety, and the economy. Many of the hurricanes identified as crossing
through Lake County were during periods when record keeping did not document a storm
name or specific information. Sources of historical hurricane information often provide a
large amount of information for coastal locations, but less for interior location.
The intensity of hurricanes is measured by the Saffir-Simpson scale, with sustained wind
speeds (measured in miles per hour) to measure the extent of a tropical storm or
depression. Once a tropical storm reaches wind speeds of 74 miles per hour or greater, it
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is then classified as a Category 1 hurricane. It is important to note that in 2010, the National
Weather Service and National Hurricane Center have changed its criteria by no longer
correlating wind speed with storm surge height. No two storms are the same and less
intense storms could in fact created storm surge that is comparable to stronger storms.
Typical damage by hurricane category can been seen in the following table.
Table 7: SaffirSimpson Scale and Typical Damage10
Scale Wind Sp eed Typical Damage
Well -constructed frame homes could have damage to roof,
shingles, vinyl siding, and gutters. Large branches of trees will
Category 1 74-95 mph snap and shallowly rooted trees may be toppled. Extensive
damage to power lines and poles likely will result in power
outages that could last a few to several days.
Well -constructed frame homes could sustain major roof and
siding damage. Many shallowly rooted trees will be snapped or
Category 2 96-110 mph uprooted and block numerous roads. Near -total power loss is
expected with outages that could last from several days to
weeks.
Well-built framed homes may incur major damage or removal of
Category 3 111-129 mph roof decking and gable ends. Many trees will be snapped or
uprooted, blocking numerous roads. Electricity and water will be
unavailable for several days to weeks after the storm passes.
Well-built framed homes can sustain severe damage with loss of
most of the roof structure and/or some exterior walls. Most trees
Category 4 130-156 mph will be snapped or uprooted and power poles downed. Fallen
trees and power poles will isolate residential areas. Power
outages will last weeks to possibly months. Most of the area will
be uninhabitable for weeks or months.
A high percentage of framed homes will be destroyed, with total
roof failure and wall collapse. Fallen trees and power poles will
Category 5 >_157 mph isolate residential areas. Power outages will last for weeks to
possibly months. Most of the area will be uninhabitable for weeks
or months.
3. Previous Occurrences
Between 1851 and 2018, in Florida, 112 hurricanes have directly impacted the state of
Florida. The total number of major hurricanes, Category 3 or above, between 1851 and
2018, reached 55, resulting in incalculable damages and loss of life. Flooding that
occurred from Tropical Storm Fay is discussed in the flooding hazard section and no other
significant tropical cyclone hazards have occurred since. The following storms are a few
of the more notable events that have impacted Lake County, based on available
information:
• Hurricane Donna, 1960: This storm impacted Florida as a Category 4 hurricane
and traveled northward through the state, heavily impacting the citrus industry up
to the Central Florida region.
10 hftp://www.nhc.noaa.gov/aboutsshws.ph
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Hurricane Charley, 2004: There were some downed trees and power lines in
southern Lake County. Three houses were damaged by falling trees. There was
no major infrastructure damage (National Weather Service, Melbourne). Orange
County and areas to the east of Lake County received substantial damage. This
storm is an excellent example of a hurricane that did not lose much potency,
despite traveling over land for an extended period of time. The storm exited the
state in the Daytona Beach area. If the storm track had been slightly to the west,
Lake County could have received substantial damage. The previous LMS notes
that Lake County sheltered about 2,000 people during Hurricane Charley.
Hurricane Frances, 2004: This storm resulted in 417 residences being damaged
in Lake County, with 69 destroyed (most mobile homes), 77 business damaged
and two (2) destroyed. Damage estimates were near six (6) million dollars
(National Weather Service, Melbourne). The previous LMS notes that the damages
were higher at approximately $8.5 million and that Lake County sheltered about
4,000 people during Hurricane Frances.
Hurricane Jeanne, 2004: The impacts in Lake County were that approximately
2,800 residences were damaged, 111 residences destroyed and 60 businesses
damaged (National Weather Service, Melbourne).
• Hurricane Matthew, 2016: As major Hurricane Matthew passed east of the Space
Coast during the morning of October 7, winds gusted to tropical storm force for
over 12 hours across Lake County. Major damage occurred to three homes with
minor damage to four homes, caused mainly by falling trees and branches. Initial
property damage assessment was a cost of approximately $389 thousand."
Hurricane Irma, 2017: Category 3 Hurricane Irma made landfall near Naples
during the late afternoon of September 10. Irma then moved northward across
west -central Florida during the overnight period while weakening to a Category 1
hurricane approximately 45 miles west of Leesburg. A long duration of damaging
winds occurred across Lake County, with a period of gusts to minimal hurricane
force. The highest measured sustained wind was recorded at the Leesburg
Airport ASOS (KLEE; 48 mph from the southeast at 0235LST on September 11)
and the highest measured peak gust was 69 mph from the southeast at
0246LST. A preliminary damage assessment from the county listed 1,987
affected residential and business structures, with an additional 648 with minor
damage, 82 with major damage and 7 destroyed. The total residential/business
estimated damage cost was $36.5 million. 12
11 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.isp?id=719429
12 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.isp?id=719501
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The Figure below shows all the hurricane paths that have come within 50 miles of Lake
County from 1851 through 2017.
Figure 5: Hurricane Paths in Lake County and Central Florida, (1851 — 2017)13
UNNAMf9 t952 �+
.`
- ■ 2 may' ti'n � c Y � .� Oak
_■ �:� Cyr. a � � � 2 "�. r_.fr� i
■'Si .. ,
■ � . 4L ..i ti : � , a �jisw
Spring lilt
y ,�, uays>r. uays i�
i
11*44
4. Probability of Future Events
Since tropical cyclones are random in distribution, it is impossible to forecast whether
Florida will experience a tropical cyclone. However, the probability of a future tropical
cyclone/hurricane event making a direct impact to Lake County is moderate as noted in
referencing the previous occurrences section. Past history shows the county is vulnerable
but impacts have been sporadic over the years.
5. Vulnerability and Risk Assessment
As mentioned previously, all areas of Lake County are susceptible to tropical cyclone
events. With Lake County being located inland approximately 50 miles from either coast,
it is more protected than other parts of the state from the most devastating winds from
hurricanes. The County's interior location is not threatened by storm surge from the ocean
waters, with the exception of areas along the St. Johns River located in northeast
unincorporated Lake County. These areas may be susceptible to flooding if the outflow of
the river into the Atlantic is adversely impacted due to the storm surge pushing the water
inland for a period of time.
It is important to note that Lake County has not received sustained hurricane force winds
from a hurricane. The county has certainly experienced high winds and gusts that have
13 NOAA Coastal Services Center
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impacted the residents and businesses of Lake County. With the population of Lake
County continuing to grow, the effects of even minor hurricanes and tropical systems will
be felt even more than in the past. Storms from the past, like Hurricane Donna, while
costly, were not in today's dollars and did not impact nearly as many people than if the
storm hit today. Storms like Hurricane Charley, which hit the Orlando metro area with
sustained winds of 85 mph, remind public safety officials that predictions are not always
accurate. Despite being an interior county, substantial damage can be done away from
the coastline. Furthermore, a slight change in path can make all of the difference in the
areas that are ultimately impacted by an event. Through the efforts of mitigation activities,
areas can be further protected against known hazards.
The entire population of Lake County, tourism, agriculture, critical facilities, and
infrastructure could be affected by a tropical cyclone depending on the severity of the
storm and the path it takes. Mobile homes, poorly constructed and/or substandard
housing, apartment complexes, and low -rent housing projects are especially susceptible
because of their lack of resistance to high winds, and apartment complexes and low -rent
projects because of their size and densities. High wind speeds can cause damage to
structures with the most significant threat to mobile homes and other older substandard
or unreinforced properties that are located throughout the County.
The total mobile home population in Lake County is estimated at 40,93514 accounting for
nearly 12% of the total county population. This population has to have a safe place to go
during possible tornadic activity.
While everyone can be impacted, the elderly, those with lower income, and the homeless
would be most affected. Tornadoes can cause other cascading events like utility outages,
economic loss, and transportation issues along with the hardships that result from the
disruption of normal life. Thus, when considering the possibility of these wide-ranging
effects, the impact to Lake County and its jurisdictions is high.
While improbable, it is not impossible for a Category 5 hurricane, with winds of 155 MPH,
to impact Lake County, however, due to inland location the predominant number of storms
would be Category 4 or less.
g) Thunderstorms/Wind/Lightning
Description
Thunderstorms consist of rain -bearing clouds that also produces lightning, a rapid
discharge of electricity in the atmosphere. Any person who has been a resident of Central
Florida during the summer is well aware of the typical weather patterns during this season.
Warm mornings give way to afternoon thunderstorms that are typically localized and can
be very intense. Compared to many other places in the nation, Central and South Florida
receive an exorbitant amount of lightning strikes that are responsible for numerous deaths
and property damage every year. The Central Florida region between Tampa and Orlando
14 data.census.gov; 2018 ACS 1-Year Estimates: Total Pop. in Occupied Housing by Tenure by Units in
Structure
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has been dubbed the "Lightning Capital" of the United States. Here, warm, rising air pulls
in sea breezes from the Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf of Mexico.
2. Location and Extent
All areas of Lake County are susceptible to the effects of thunderstorms. These events
are common throughout Florida, occur throughout the year and typically are widespread
events. Although thunderstorms generally affect a small area, they are very dangerous
given their ability to produce accompanying hazards including high winds, hail, and
lightning which all may cause serious injury or death, in addition to property damage. They
are most common in Florida because atmospheric conditions are favorable for generating
powerful storms.
All areas of Lake County are susceptible to the effects of high winds related to a
thunderstorm. A severe thunderstorm includes damaging winds greater than 58 mph (50
knots) or greater and hail 1 inch or larger in diameter. High winds have been further broken
down into three categories by the NWS Storm Events database:
High Wind: Sustained non -convective winds of 35 knots (40 mph) or greater lasting
for 1 hour or longer or winds (sustained or gusts) of 50 knots (58 mph) for any
duration (or otherwise locally/regionally defined), on a widespread or localized
basis. In some mountainous areas, the above numerical values are 43 knots (50
mph) and 65 knots (75 mph), respectively.
Strong Wind: Non -convective winds gusting less than 50 knots (58 mph), or
sustained winds less than 35 knots (40 mph) resulting in a fatality, injury, or
damage.
Thunderstorm Wind: Winds, arising from convection (occurring within 30 minutes
of lightning being observed or detected), with speeds of at least 50 knots (58 mph),
or winds of any speed (non -severe thunderstorm winds below 50 knots) producing
a fatality, injury, or damage. Events with maximum sustained winds or wind gusts
less than 50 knots (58 mph) should be entered as a Storm Data event only if they
result in fatalities, injuries, or serious property damage.
All areas of Lake County are susceptible to lightning strikes and their potential effects. Any
lightning bolt can kill. Lightning plays a crucial role in the fire -based ecologies of the
forests; unfortunately, it also plays a role in fires that might threaten human life and
property. Many of the fires in 199815 that impacted the State of Florida were ignited by
lightning strikes. Due to Lake County's location in Central Florida, there are a large number
of lightning strikes and loss of life can primarily be prevented by proper public education.
Damage to buildings can also be prevented by lightning rod systems and surge protectors
to reduce the risk of fires. With regard to a scale for lightning, there is no scale for strength
(such as weak vs. strong).
3. Previous Occurrences
Within Lake County, 13 deaths and 39 injuries occurred between 1959 and 2010, with a
total of 449 deaths statewide in the same period. This included a man who was struck and
15 U.S. Fire Administration, 2004
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killed in June 1990 while on a golf course in Lake County, and a fourth -grade teacher at
Eustis Heights Elementary School who was struck and injured in 1988 while standing in
an exterior doorway. Since 2010, forty-three16 (43) people have died in Florida from
lightning strikes, an average of 3+ people per year, while some 25+ people are injured on
average in the United States. Lake County could expect 4-12 lightning flashes per square
kilometer per year. In 2018, lightning struck and killed a 44-year old man in Umatilla, this
has been the only death recorded in the county due to lightning since 2010. The Figure
below indicates lightning flash density from 2007 through 2016.
National Lightning Detection Network
2007 - 2016
® Valsala 2017. All rights reserved. For display purposes only - any other use Is prohibited without prior written consent from Vaisala.
Figure 6: Vaisala National Lightning Detection Network (2007 - 2016)77
Since 2010, there have been 29 thunderstorm/wind events in the county, 13 of which
caused damage in Lake County. Details of these impacts, including the magnitude and
amount of property damage cost are listed in the following table.
t6 hftp://www.lightningsafety.noaa.qov/victims.htm1
17 Lightning data from Vaisala.com provided in a media release dated 2017
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Table 8: Thunderstorm/Wind Events in Lake County (2010 — 2019)18
Location
Mascotte
Ferndale
Mascotte
Grand Island
Leesburg Airport
Tavares
Astor Park
Groveland
Lady Lake
South Clermont
Lake Louisa
Lake Louisa
Mt. Dora
Lake Griffin
Minneola
Tavares
Mt. Dora
Montverde
Ferndale
Lane Park
Tavares
Montclair
Lake Dora
Sylvan Shores
Lake Minnehaha
Tropical Shores
Manor
Lisbon
Mascotte
Eustis
Lady Lake
Lake Yale
Howey in the Hills
Lake Harris
Howey in the Hills
'a http://ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents
Date
1 /25/2011
1 /25/2011
3/30/2O1 I
3/30/2011
�f3dd011
3/30/2011
4/2O%2412
�,dL,
5/15/2012
8/10/2012
3/24/2013
3/24/2013
3/24/2013
6/11 &b
7/4/2013
4/36/20l4
6/10/2014
5/20/2015
6/1/2015
6/18/2015
6/25/2015
7/29/2015
7/29/2015
3/26/2016
7/13/2016
7/15/2016
8/14/2016
8/14/2016
9/1/2016
9/1 /2016
4/6/2017
5/30/2017
7/21 /2017
4/15/2018
11 /2/2018
2020
Magnitude
Property Damage
61 kts EG
500.00K
56 kts EG
20.00K
50 kt
0.66k
50 kts EG
O.00K
54 kts EG
O.00K
50 kts EG
O.00K
52 kts EG
0.50R
50 kts EG
0.40K
50 kts EG
0.06K
56 kts EG
O.00K
0 kts EG
250.0-0-K
65 kts EG
O.00K
Heavy Rain
10.00K
50 kts EG
O.00K
43 kts EG
2.00K
48 kts EG
1.00K
52 kts. EG
O.00K
52 kts. EG
O.00K
52 kts. EG
O.00K
52 kts. EG
O.00K
48 kts. EG
50.00K
43 kts. EG
1.00K
50 kts. EG
O.00K
52 kts. EG
10.00K
56 kts. EG
15.00K
50 kts. EG
O.00K
50 kts. EG
O.00K
50 kts. EG
14.00K
50 kts. EG
5.00K
60 kts. EG
O.00K
50 kts. EG
O.00K
61 kts. EG
25.00K
48 kts. EG
1.00K
50 kts. EG O.00K
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Location Date
de
Lake Harris
12/20/2018
50 kts. EG
Mascotte
1/24/2019
83 kts. EG
Okahumpka
5/5/2019
52 kts. EG
Eustis
5/5/2019
52 kts. EG
2020
erty Damage
O.00K
250.00K
O.00K
O.00K
4. Probability of Future Events
The probability of future occurrences of thunderstorms/winds/lightning within Lake County
is high as these events occur frequently especially during summer months. Generally
speaking, all of Lake County is subject to the effects of Thunderstorms, Wind, or Lightning.
It is anticipated since Lake County has experienced lightning storms before, it will likely
occur again. Wind events in recent history have averaged from 40 to 70 knots and it is
likely that those will occur again as well. The county has certainly experienced high winds
and gusts that have impacted the residents and businesses of Lake County.
5. Vulnerability and Risk Assessment
Lake County is very susceptible to thunderstorms, high winds, and lightning. With the
population of Lake County continuing to grow, the effects of thunderstorms and wind
events will be felt even more than in the past and substantial damage can be experienced
by residents. With severe thunderstorms and lightning, segments of the population could
be negatively affected. Agricultural lands throughout the County and its jurisdictions could
suffer damage and economic losses. Individuals in open areas such as golf courses and
parks are at risk, as well as those that may be participating in boating or other water
activities on the numerous lakes and streams in Lake County. Critical facilities and
infrastructure would be possibly impacted in a devastating storm. Lightning can cause fires
in the future during dry periods, more so within unincorporated Lake County within forested
areas. Lake County is part of lightning capital of the US and on average receives 6.0 to
7.5 lightning flashes per square km, a relatively high flash density during storms. Given all
of the factors, thunderstorms, high winds, and lightning generally would have a high impact
to Lake County and its jurisdictions.
h) Sinkholes/Subsidence
Description
According to United States Geological Survey (USGS), a sinkhole is a depression in the
ground that has no natural external surface drainage. Basically, this means that when it
rains, all of the water stays inside the sinkhole and typically drains into the subsurface.
Sinkholes are dramatic because the land usually stays intact for a period of time until the
underground spaces just get too big. If there is not enough support for the land above the
spaces, then a sudden collapse of the land surface can occur.
Topographically, Florida is part of a large Karst formation that comprises a section of the
southeastern portion of the United States. Karst refers to the rock "foundation" that is
slowly eaten through by chemical weathering eventually leading to subsidence or
sinkholes. In Florida, the rock is generally limestone or gypsum, but it can be other types
as well. The Karst terrain is also marked by the numerous caves and underground
drainages.
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2. Location and Extent
According to CDS Business Mapping utilizing the sinkhole database, Lake County is
ranked as number 10 on a list of the top sinkhole prone counties in Florida19 and
experiences several sinkholes a year, usually on private property. In cases where
sinkholes occur in the public right-of-way, the Lake County Department of Public Works
and/or the Florida Department of Transportation are notified to assess the sinkhole
activity. Sinkholes impact the community generally by physical destruction. Their extent is
generally measured in terms of the diameter of the opening and/or their depth (both
usually measured in feet). Any size sinkhole is a threat because they can cause harm to
people, vehicles or entire structures, as they succumb to the unstable ground.
Although it might be true that some areas of Central Florida are more prone to sinkholes
than others, it must be realized that all areas of Lake County are susceptible to sinkholes
and their potential effects. The county as a whole has more sinkhole activity in the central
portion of the county, with areas outside of the county to the north and east having much
more activity, based on sinkhole reports by the U.S. and Florida Geological Surveys.
However, this does not mean that extreme damage cannot occur anywhere; all it takes is
one sinkhole to severely impact life and property. Sinkholes can be caused by water
ponding; canting of fence posts; collapse of bulkheads; and other hydro -geological factors.
3. Previous Occurrences
According to the Florida Department of Environmental Protection there were
approximately 100 sinkholes reported to that agency since 1964 (FDEP Sinkhole
Database), not including reports from other agencies. This number is probably lower than
the actual amount considering that there are numerous sinkholes that are never reported
to the authorities. Subsidence occurs because of settling of soil underneath the foundation
of structures and typically results in minor, repairable damage. It can, however, in some
cases result in the structure being condemned. Below are some of the more notable
sinkhole occurrences that have happened in Lake County:
• June 2000: An extended drought was blamed for a sinkhole 20 feet wide that
opened in Lake County.
• February 2004: A sinkhole approximately 30 feet in diameter opened up in
Clermont, forcing a family to relocate until it could be filled.
• November 2005: A large sinkhole forced a Mascotte family out of their home while
it was determined if there was a threat to the structural integrity of the house.
• August 2006: A sinkhole opened in Clermont that was approximately 20 feet in
diameter and closed Maridru's Lane.
• September 2007: A large, growing sinkhole forced several families in Clermont to
relocate after a neighbor's house was condemned.
• June 2011: A sinkhole swallowed part of a Leesburg store building on East Main
Street caused by wet weather after a dry spell causing the ground to become too
heavy and collapse.
19 http://www.riskmeter.com/RiskMeter/RiskMeter-Announces-Top-Ten-Sinkhole-Prone-Counties.htm
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low@]
• August 2013: A sinkhole opened up in Clermont at the Summer Bay Resort
causing a building to slowly sink and prompting the evacuation of three buildings.
• August 2015: A sinkhole opened up in Groveland which resulted in a boil water
notice for some and no water for those closest to the location of the sinkhole
including one school.
No major sinkhole events have taken place since the last LMS update.
4. Probability of Future Events
There is a moderate probability of future sinkhole occurrences in Lake County, according
to historic data as sinkhole events occur every few years. Activities that increase the risk
of sinkhole are groundwater pumping, construction and development practices, and
breakages in water lines, though they can also occur due to natural or geological factors.
5. Vulnerability and Risk Assessment
As noted, from 2010 to 2019, Lake County has had a reported 36 sink holes of various
sizes, ranging from under 3 feet wide to over 40 feet wide. While most of the sinkholes are
relatively minor and pose little threat, there is always the possibility of a much larger
sinkhole causing significant damage within the county. A majority of the county is listed as
an area that is favorable to sinkhole formation (see the following figure).
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Figure 7: 2018 Subsidence Incidents20
} A
a
Subsidence Incident Reports
Favorability Class
[.east favorable
Favorable
More favorable
Most favorable
N
a
1:4,600.000
0 15 30 60 911 120
Miles
Kilometers
0 207
30 120 160
Sinkholes can have a diameter of greater than 200 feet. Sinkholes can be shallow or
develop depths that are greater than 100 feet, creating extremely dangerous situations,
swallowing entire structures. Depending on the location of the sinkhole, residents' homes,
tourists in transient housing, critical facilities, infrastructure, and agricultural concerns
could suffer negative effects. Economic effects could vary again depending on the size
and location of the sinkhole. Considering all of these factors, sinkholes generally have a
low impact to Lake County and its jurisdictions.
i) Tornadoes
1. Description
A tornado is a violent windstorm characterized by a twisting, funnel -shaped cloud
extending to the ground. Tornadoes are most often generated by thunderstorm activity
(but sometimes result from hurricanes and other tropical storms) when cool, dry air
intersects and overrides a layer of warm, moist air forcing the warm air to rise rapidly.
2. Location and Extent
Similar to hurricane data, there is only reliable recorded data for tornadoes since 1950.
Although the Midwest has the reputation for the worst tornadoes, Florida experiences the
20 2018 Subsidence Incident Reports - Florida Division of Emergency Management (FDEM) State Hazard
Mitigation Plan
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greatest number of tornadoes per square mile of all the states. Florida has averaged 52
tornadoes reported per year since 1961, with an average of two fatalities per year.
Florida's tornadoes are generally of shorter duration (3 miles) and have narrower paths
(125 yards wide). Mapping indicates that about 95 percent of the county is in the 1 in 250-
year risk area, and the remainder in the 1 in 500-year risk area. All areas of Lake County
are susceptible to tornadoes and their potential effects.
The Fujita Scale (now the Enhanced Fujita Scale) is used to determine the intensity of
tornadoes. Most of the tornadoes that have hit Lake County have been on the lower
spectrum, in the FO or F1 range. On February 1, 2007, the National Weather Service
switched from the Fujita Scale to the Enhanced Fujita Scale to better reflect examinations
of tornado damage surveys, aligning wind speeds more closely with associated storm
damage. The Enhanced Fujita Scale levels are listed in the table below.
Table 9: Measuring the Intensity of Tornadoes (Extent)21
Scale Wind_ Speed (mph)
EFO 65-85
EF1
86-110
tF2
11-135
EF3
136-165
EF4
166-200
EF5 >200
Because of the unpredictable patterns of tornadoes, and because the entire state of
Florida has a relatively high risk, the entire County is vulnerable to tornado -induced
damage. The damage potential for a tornado increases as a function of population density.
As the number of structures and people increase, the potential damage/injury rate
increases. Mobile homes, poorly constructed and/or substandard housing, apartment
complexes and low -rent housing projects are especially susceptible because of their lack
of resistance to high winds, and apartment complexes and low -rent projects because of
their size and densities.
3. Previous Occurrences
There have been 51 recorded tornadoes in Lake County since 1950 that have caused
somewhere between $226,470,050 and $241,320,500 in total damage. These same
tornadoes have also been responsible for 231 injuries and 26 deaths.
Historically significant events are noted in the 2010 plan. There have been few significant
tornado events in Lake County in the last five years. However, worth noting is a storm that
happened in 2007 for the purpose of this plan.
The Groundhog Day Tornado Outbreak, February 2, 2007: On the morning of
February 2, 2007, a powerful storm system moved across Lake County from the
21',ttp://www.srh.noaa.gov/oun/?n=efsca1r
The EF scale still is a set of wind estimates (not measurements) based on damage.
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west producing three tornadoes, two of which had large impacts on the County
and resulted in a Presidential Disaster Declaration. The first tornado touched down
in Sumter County, near Wildwood, and moved toward the Villages and Lady Lake.
This tornado registered as an EF3 on the Enhanced Fujita Scale and created a
swath of destruction along its 17-mile path, killing eight.
• The second tornado touched down near County Road 42 in northern Lake County
in between Altoona and Paisley. This tornado was responsible for 13 deaths as it
traveled its 26-mile path. In addition to killing 21 people in Lake County, these
tornadoes caused approximately $98 million in damages. These storms struck in
the early morning hours when many people were sleeping and unable to receive
emergency messages. The path of these storms is displayed in the following
figures.
Figure 8: February 2, 2007, EF3 Tornado Path, Lady Lake, Florida
February 2, 2007, EF3 Tornado Path, Lady Lake, Florida
Mark
r
M qV
r �.r
{ Ir��1111j
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Figure 9: February 2, 2007, EF3 Tornado Path, Paisley, Florida
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The table below lists the incidences of tornadoes in Lake County since 2010.
Table 10: Tornado/Funnel Cloud Events in Lake County (2010 — 2020) 12
Location
Dona Vista
Grand Island
Lady Lake
Lake Louisa
Eustis Airport
Tropical Shores
Mount Plymouth
Clermont
Fruitland park
Emerald
Dona vista
Umatilla
Tavares
Okahumpka
2020
Date Magnitude Property Damage
9/12/2010
8/5/2011
9/24/2011
j Funnel Cloud
-0-
$25K
EFO
Funnel Cloud
-0-
6/24/2012
EFO
-0-
6/25/2012
Funnel Cloud
-0-
4/30/2013
Funnel Cloud
-0-
2/23/2014
6/1 /2015
9/1 /2016
Funnel Cloud
-0-
EFO
-0-
EFO
$22K
9/13/2016
Funnel Cloud
-0-
1/22/2017
Funnel Cloud
-0-
9/10/2017 EF1 -0-
7/4/2018 EFO -0-
1 /4/2020 EFO -0-
4. Probability of Future Events
According to previous occurrences the probability of a future tornado affecting Lake
County is moderate. While the majority of these events are small in terms of size, intensity
and duration, a greater number of stronger storms (i.e., F2 and F3 tornadoes) have been
reported in the past. Further, even a minor tornado can cause substantial damage.
5. Vulnerability and Risk Assessment
Due to the unpredictable nature of tornadoes, all of Lake County is vulnerable to their
impacts. High wind speeds can cause damage to structures with the most significant threat
to mobile homes and other older substandard or unreinforced properties. The total mobile
home population in Lake County is estimated at 40,93523 accounting for nearly 12% of the
total county population. The mobile home population is distributed throughout the County
and all jurisdictions. This population has to have a safe place to go during possible tornadic
activity. While everyone can be impacted, the elderly, those with lower income, and the
homeless would be most affected. Tornadoes can cause other cascading events like utility
outages, economic loss, and transportation issues along with the hardships that result
from the disruption of normal life.
A tornado with the greatest intensity of EF5, with winds of greater than 200 MPH, although
rare, could occur in Lake County. The maximum that has occurred has been a recorded
22 http://ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents
23 data.census.gov; 2018 ACS 1-Year Estimates: Total Pop. in Occupied Housing by Tenure by Units in
Structure
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EF3 in February, 2007 during the Groundhog Day Outbreak. This incident is considered
the worst natural disaster in the county's history and officials were determined not to let it
happen again. In February of 2011, Lake County launched a new warning system that
calls residents directly when there is a public safety emergency. Alert Lake was the new
emergency notification system and for tornado warnings (or other significant incidents,
such as natural disasters, warning from law enforcement, chemical spill, flooding, or other
emergencies), the system automatically calls people on a registered phone number. For
those who have landlines in their homes, the 911 database is utilized. For those that do
not have a house phone but want to know about severe weather when on the go, the Alert
Lake system can also send messages straight to a cell phone. Considering all of these
factors, tornadoes would generally have a moderate impact to Lake County and its
jurisdictions.
j) Brush Fires. Wildfires and Forest Fires
1. Description
According to the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), a wildland fire or
wildfire is an unplanned, unwanted fire burning in a natural area, such as a forest,
grassland, or prairie. As building development expands into these areas, homes and
business may be situated in or near areas susceptible to wildfires. This is called the
wildland urban interface. Wildfires can damage natural resources, destroy homes, and
threaten the safety of the public and the firefighters who protect forests and communities.
2. Location and Extent
Lake County is uniformly exposed to wildfire risk. Forest fires pose a serious threat while
playing an important role in Florida's ecology. Much of the northeast portion of Lake
County lies within the Ocala National Forest, which contains many longleaf pines that are
a fire dependent species of tree. It is important to understand that much of the Ocala
National Forest is a fire -based ecology, and as such, special precautions should be made
by those who reside within it. The "La Nina" weather effect occasionally causes an
extended drought period. Controlled burns reduce the amount of fuel that might build up
over years of not having a fire. The Florida and US Divisions of Forestry have incorporated
controlled, naturally occurring, and prescribed burns into their forest management plans.
Uncontrolled wildfires will continue to threaten Lake County and it is important to
understand the actions that can take place to reduce the threats posed by wildfires.
Wildland fires can adversely impact homes, businesses, and vegetation, specifically those
that are in higher risk areas. And, wildland fires affect visibility as well as air quality, which,
can severely affect populations with compromised respiratory systems (such as the
elderly). Impacts of wildfires are measured by acres burned each year.
While all areas of Lake County are vulnerable to wildfires, the northeast and southern
portions of the county are more likely to experience direct incidents of wildland fires. A
wildland fire incident can be felt throughout the county due to resources being redirected
to contain the fires.
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3. Previous Occurrences
All of Lake County may be impacted by wildfires during the especially months with minimal
rainfall. Carelessness can lead to wildfires during dry or windy conditions and when
burning restrictions are not followed. Even with prescribed burns, Lake County remains at
risk for brush fires in unincorporated areas and at the wildland/urban interface areas. Since
2010, the only published account of a burn ban was ordered in Lake County from February
to June 2012. Below is a look at how many acres have burned due to wildfires in Lake
County from 2012 to 2019.24
Table 11: Acres Burned due to Wildfires,
Lake County, FL (2012 - 2019)
Year
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
Total Acres Burned
2,008.6
374.5
337,5
674
_8_04
2,941.3
244
64.7
The following highlight a few of the more notable forest fires in Lake County, which are
briefly summarized.
Fires of 1998: Unusually extended periods of hot weather coupled with little rainfall
created the ideal situation for an outbreak of forest fires in Central Florida in the
summer of 1998 (NOAA). Some 2,200 fires occurred that summer, with most of
the damage being caused by a few of the very large ones. All jurisdictions within
Lake County were affected to some degree by the prolonged heat and wildfire
threat.
• Fire of 1999: The smoke from a large brush fire near Groveland was responsible
for 5 accidents on March 3, 1999. Seven people were hospitalized. The
jurisdictions affected were unincorporated Lake County and the City of Groveland.
• Fires of 2000: High temperatures and an extended dry period allowed for 13 fires
to flare up during the summer of 2000 — burning some 4,000 acres of central and
southern Lake County. All jurisdictions within Lake County were affected to some
degree by this large-scale fire.
• Green Swamp Fire of 2001: An illegal trash fire started a 10,000-acre blaze that
blanketed much of central and south Lake County in smoke. This smoke was
responsible for several accidents due to low visibility on U.S. 27, and respiratory
problems for at -risk citizens. The primary jurisdictions affected were Groveland,
Clermont, Mascotte, Montverde, and unincorporated Lake County.
24 Source: Lake County Fire Rescue — Historical Fire Data, Accessed May 6, 2020
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• Wekiva River Fire of 2007: Some 36 residences were evacuated near the Wekiva
River after a 1,000-acre fire burned within a quarter mile of the homes in May of
2007. The primary jurisdiction affected was unincorporated Lake County.
• Deerhaven Fire of 2008: Approximately 140 homes near Deerhaven (northeast
Lake County) were evacuated after a 1,000-acre blaze threatened to close off a
main road to these houses. The Deerhaven Wildfire became out of control after 25
mph wind gusts made it difficult to contain. The primary jurisdiction affected was
unincorporated Lake County.
• 2012 Groveland Fires: In January a 300-acre fire on County Road 33 was difficult
to contain due to swamp conditions before rain helped firefighters contain the
blaze. In February a fire in Clermont shut down Thompson Place near CR 561 as
the fire continued to burn in swampy area. In April a fire north of State Road 50
near Timber Lake Village had to be contained before reaching a nearby swamp
which could have resulted in a muck fire that lasted for weeks.
• April 2012, Sorrento: An illegal burn in a yard spread quickly and threatened
homes.
• April 2016, Eustis Radio Tower Fire: an unattended yard debris fire spread
consuming 141 acres threatened homes in the Royal Trails Subdivision.
• April 2017, Sod Farm II. A fire started in Eustis and quickly spread to 400 acres
overnight prompting the evacuation of more than 20 homes. By the following day
the fire had been contained at 782 acres.
4. Probability of Future Events
There is a moderate probability of future wildfire events in Lake County, especially during
drought cycles and abnormally dry conditions, particularly during the months with minimal
rainfall amounts (December through April). An estimated acreage cannot be determined
as the amount of acres burned can vary wildly from year to year.
5. Vulnerability and Risk Assessment
The major causes of brush and forest fires are due to lightning, human negligence, or
cases of criminal mischief, and occurs during the months with higher thunderstorm
activities. Late winter and spring also are prime periods for wildfires, fueled by strong winds
and a lack of rainfall during that same time frame. Lake County has a considerable amount
of undeveloped area with prime fuel source for fires and experienced major fire events in
the past.
In 2019, an assessment identified the following communities in the County to be at the
highest risk:
• Cassia
• Green Swamp
• North Lake
• Pine Lakes
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• The Royal Trails Subdivision
2020
The Florida Forest Service Wildland Urban Interface (WUI) Risk Index, illustrated in the
following figure, identifies areas where the potential impact of wildfire on people and their
homes and assess a risk based on housing density and fire intensity (Flame Length) to
determine areas that may be majorly impacted by a wildfire incident.25 A map of critical
facilities within the WUI risk areas is available in Appendix III: Maps and Figures —Wildland
Urban Interface (WUI) Risk Index for Lake County, Florida.
Figure 10: Wildland Urban Interface (WUI) Risk Index
Wildiand Urban Interface Risk Index
Lake County, FL
Report Created: SGSP Wildfire Risk Assessment Portal
4/23/2020 - 4:54:19 PM http:liwww.southemwildflrerlsk.com
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Wildfires in Lake County primarily affect wooded areas with low population density and do
not typically pose a danger to highly populated areas. However, wildfires can still impact
all jurisdictions in Lake County. Structures, critical facilities, infrastructure, and housing for
vulnerable populations have some exposure to impact by wildfires. An exact dollar loss
cannot be determined due to the fact impact is undefined. There have been no significant
wildfires other than those reflected in this section. Considering all of these factors,
wildfires/forest fires would generally have a moderate impact to Lake County and its
jurisdictions.
25 hftps://www.southernwildfirerisk.com/
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k) Erosion
2020
9. Description
Erosion occurs when land is worn away by the action of natural forces in waves, currents
and wind. Even though erosion is a natural process, it can be either mitigated or enhanced
by human activity. Erosion is generally measured as the loss of material in cubic yards.
2. Location and Extent
Erosion is most likely to take place within Lake County along the Wekiva and St. Johns
Rivers to the northeast, as well as along streams, creek beds, lakes and other bodies of
water that are scattered throughout the County. All residents need to be vigilant about
erosion in areas that are adjacent to bodies of water as erosion can result in damage to
property, roads, and other infrastructure.
According to the St. Johns River Water Management District, the Florida Legislature
passed the Wekiva River Protection Act in 1988 which requires the river's surrounding
counties to amend their comprehensive plans and land development rules to deter
wetlands losses and protect wildlife habitats. The act authorizes local governments to
create rules to treat stormwater runoff. Special rules are also in place for development in
the basin that require additional stormwater treatment and established protection zones
along the waterways to preserve wetlands, uplands and water quality and reduce erosion
and groundwater drawdown.
3. Previous Occurrences
Since 2010, there has been one incident of erosion in Clermont. In April 2013, rainfall of
3 to 4 inches in a short period of time, associated with a strong thunderstorm, caused a
steep 30-foot section of ground adjacent to State Road 50 in Clermont to slide into a home.
The mudslide destroyed a home on Sunnyside Drive. Mud several feet high entered the
home. The drainage system in the area was designed several decades ago and could not
handle the excessive rain rate. Property damage was estimated at $75,000.
4. Probability of Future Events
Besides the 2010 occurrence, there have been no other documented incidents in Lake
County. The probability that an event happens in the county continues to be low.
5. Vulnerability and Risk Assessment
Lake County has not seen any large erosion events that have caused widespread damage
to property. However, erosion is being addressed along the Wekiva and St. Johns Rivers.
Erosion can result in structures adjacent to water bodies becoming damaged or destroyed
because they are not able to be supported by the ground. There is no scale to measure
the magnitude or severity of erosion, as even small amounts of erosion can lead to
substantial damage to homes and businesses. Erosion impacts would be fairly limited in
scope as impacts to populations, tourism, agriculture, economic interest, critical facilities
and infrastructure have not be realized in the past. Considering all of these factors, erosion
would generally have low impact to Lake County and its jurisdictions.
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1) Winter Storm/Freeze:
2020
1. Description
The National Weather Service (NWS) defines a Winter Storm/Freeze as a weather event
with accumulating frozen precipitation such as snow, sleet, and/or freezing rain. This event
affects every state in the continental United States, although such weather is typically
uncommon in Florida, especially southern parts.
A freeze occurs when overnight temperatures reach at least 32 degrees Fahrenheit. A
hard freeze occurs when overnight temperatures fall below 28 degrees Fahrenheit for at
least 4 hours.
2. Location and Extent
Extremely freezing temperatures are not typical for the Florida climate although each
winter, Florida faces the threat of at least a moderate freeze. For Lake County this hazard
is a potential problem centered on the vegetable, foliage, and citrus industries. Episodes
of extreme freezing temperatures would be widespread to all locations and not just specific
locales. If temperatures reach freezing levels for extended periods of time, combined with
other climatic factors, crop or landscape damage may occur, having a significant impact
on the county's economy and employment base.
The freeze line runs through the northern part of Lake County just north of Altoona
although the entire county could be impacted. Personal injury or death due to freezes is
not considered a hazard except for the homeless and indirectly through fire caused by
incorrect or careless use of space heaters, etc. However, the elderly may be impacted as
well as young children and since it is anticipated that the elderly population will continue
to increase, there is a chance that this population could see some impact from winter
storms and freezes. Additionally, consumer demand of electricity during periods of very
extreme cold weather may overload the electrical grid, which may cause outages and have
a significant impact on electrically -dependent critical facilities and persons. Critical
facilities, infrastructure, and tourism would likely not be affected by winter storms and
freezes.
3. Previous Occurrences
One of the most significant freezes took place within Florida in February, 2001, when the
president declared a major disaster declaration for Florida to allow funds to reach those
individuals impacted by the event. The agricultural industry was severely impacted and
resulted in many individuals being out of work. Since 2010, two freeze and one wind chill
events occurred in Lake County and none have occurred since. These are outlined in the
table below.
Table 12: Freeze and Wind Chill Events Lake County (2010 — 2020)
Location Date Type Crop Damage
Lake 12/14/2010 Frost/Freeze -0-
Lake 12/14/2010 Cold/Wind Chill -0-
Lake 12/27/2010 Frost/Freeze $1.830M
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4. Probability of Future Events
All portions of Lake County have been impacted by episodes of freezing temperatures in
the past, therefore confirming that the entire county is susceptible and according to
previous occurrences the future probability is moderate.
5. Vulnerability and Risk Assessment
Temperatures in Lake County can be as low as single digits, but rarely below zero.
Additionally, light, freezing rain has been reported on occasion. Frozen precipitation in
small amounts, although not commonplace, is possible within Lake County. The
probability of another significant freeze event continues to be moderate.
With regard to a scale to measure the magnitude or severity, the National Weather Service
issues a threat awareness chart regarding one's vulnerability to the hazard of excessive
cold temperatures, especially wind chill. Of the cold weather hazards that can be
expected, the most likely for Lake County are the crop -killing freezes. Lake County is not
normally subject to the types of winter storms experienced in the panhandle that can
include snow precipitation and accumulation; typical effects are from wind, wind chill, and
freezes. Considering all of these factors, winter storm/freezes would generally have a low
impact to Lake County and its jurisdictions.
According to the National Climactic Data Center, it is expected that the county could see
an average of 2 to 12 extreme cold (<32 degrees) days each year (Figure below) is based
on the average number of extreme cold days that occurred from the year 1986 through
2016.
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Figure 11: Florida Extreme Cold Risk (2000 — 2016)
. 0.
swum: wuor Chmsac o.0 cep
2020
m) Dam or Levee Failure
1. Description
A dam/levee failure is a collapse or breach in a dam or levee. While most dams have
storage volumes small enough that failures have little or no repercussions, dams with
large storage amounts can cause significant downstream flooding.
According to FEMA, more than a third of the country's dams are 50 or more years old.
Approximately 14,000 of those dams pose a significant hazard to life and property if
failure occurs. There are also about 2,000 unsafe dams in the United States, located in
almost every state. Dam failures can result from one or a combination of the following
reasons 26:
• Overtopping caused by floods that exceed the capacity of the dam
• Deliberate acts of sabotage
• Structural failure of materials used in dam construction
• Movement and/or failure of the foundation supporting the dam
• Settlement and cracking of concrete or embankment dams
26 FEMA (2019b). Why Dams Fail, httf)s://fema.gov/why-dams-fail
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• Piping and internal erosion of soil in embankment dams
• Inadequate maintenance and upkeep
2. Location and Extent
According to the Florida Department of Environmental Protection, there are nine (9) dams
within Lake County. These dams are located in unincorporated Lake County, but could
affect not only jurisdictions within Lake County, but also in other locations in Central
Florida.
3. Previous Occurrences
To date, there have been no reports of damages as a result of dam failures, however, any
issues in the future would likely be as a result of the Burrell Lock and Dam, as well as the
Cherry Lake Dam. The Burrell Lock and Dam is located in northwest Lake County north
of the City of Leesburg in the vicinity of Lake Griffin. The Cherry Lake Dam is located in
southern Lake County, between the Cities of Minneola at Cherry Lake.
Table 13: Dams in Lake County, Florida27
NID ID
FL20500
FL00708
FL00704
FL00707
FL00437
FL20503
FL20502
FL20501
FL20505
Name
Lake Apopka Lock and Dam
Burrell Lock and Dam
M-1
M-6A
Cherry Lake Outlet
M-4
_M-5
Villa City
Hazard Ratin
[ Low
High
Low
Low
Significant
Significant
Significant
Significant
[—Ha—rris Bayou
High
4. Probability of Future Events
According to Mr. Ron Hart of the Lake County Water Authority28:
• "The Burrell Dam has the capacity to cause damages to the low-lying property both
downstream of the structure as well as around Lake Griffin, especially if discharges
out Moss Bluff are not adjusted to accommodate the increases in flow. However,
if discharges are managed properly at the Moss Bluff Dam, damages should be
limited to low lying areas around Haynes Creek.
• The Cherry Lake Dam can cause damage downstream due to prolonged and
excessive discharges that result in the capacity being exceeded at any of the five
dams downstream. The dam has a very long levee system that increases the
exposure to catastrophic damage and uncontrolled discharges."
27 National Inventory of Dams (nttos://nid. sec. usace.army. _ )
28 Lake County LMS 2010
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5. Vulnerability and Risk Assessment
No evaluations or studies have been conducted to determine the extent of damage that
might be caused in the event of a failure. It has been determined, however, that the total
amount of damages might exceed the cost to repair or replace these dams. Most of the
areas impacted would be residential homes with local roadways and lift stations may be
impacted causing issues. Specific areas of concern include the following however the
impact is limited and isolated in focus:
• Timber Village/Groveland — Residential mobile home community of approximately
50 homes that may become flooded or have limited access.
• Isolated homes along levees that number less than five homes.
• Pasture flooding in an isolated area with no structures involved.
• Homes at the end of Indigo Road which will have limited access and number
approximately 15.
• Plantation Golf Course has 3 to 4 holes that would be underway. This was known
when the property was developed and golfers can bypass the area to finish
playing. The golf course is responsible for repairing any damages.
• Emerald Lake Subdivision — Extremely low elevation of roads and home sites
within the subdivision.
Considering all of these factors, a dam or levee failure would generally have a low impact
to Lake County and its jurisdictions.
n) Epidemic/Pandemic
Description
An epidemic is a disease that affects a greater number of people than is usual within a
region. A pandemic is the same as an epidemic except it has spread to more than one
region of the world. Infectious diseases are caused by pathogenic microorganisms, such
as bacteria, viruses, parasites or fungi; the diseases can be spread, directly or indirectly,
from one person to another. Zoonotic diseases are infectious diseases of animals that can
cause disease when transmitted to humans.
For the purpose of this Plan, infectious disease has been categorized as (1) pandemic
and (2) localized infectious disease outbreaks.
A pandemic is an epidemic that occurs over a wide geographic area, often global.
Pandemics results when a microorganism (or disease condition) emerges that is
pathogenic for humans but to which humans have no immunity or prior protection. Thus,
an epidemic occurs and the number of cases substantially exceeds the number of
expected cases over a given period of time. Pandemics generally refer to infectious
diseases that spread efficiently from person to person across the globe, although the term
may be used to describe medical conditions with other risk factors, such as chronic
illnesses like cardiovascular diseases.
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2. Location and Extent
Populated areas throughout Lake County its jurisdictions are the most at risk from human
disease. Disease is not a risk, in itself, to the physical or operational integrity of any type
of structure. However, high absenteeism could threaten the operating capabilities of
businesses, industries, institutions and government agencies.
In the event of a pandemic, medical and health care facilities may be overwhelmed, with
local care not readily accessible to those in need. Fatalities would significantly increase.
Public safety would be compromised due to illness among public safety and security
agencies. Quarantine and isolation techniques would be imposed, requiring a significant
enforcement challenge. Temporary health care facilities and field hospitals would have to
be activated and staffed by professionals from outside the county.
Overall, the human and economic consequences of the event would be very substantial.
3. Previous Occurrences
• Below are the epidemics/pandemics that may have had notable impacts:
The "Spanish Flu," 1918/1919: The Spanish Flu began in August 1918, in three
disparate locations: Brest, Boston and Freetown. An unusually severe and deadly
strain of influenza spread worldwide. The disease spread across the world, killing
25 million in the course of six months; some estimates put the total of those killed
worldwide at well over twice that number. An estimated 17 million died in India,
500,000 in the USA and 200,000 in the UK. It vanished within 18 months and the
actual strain was never determined, though some recent attempts at reconstructing
genes from the virus have been successful.
H5N1 "Bird Flu," 1997/2003: Asian highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI)
A(H5N1) virus occurs mainly in birds and is highly contagious among them. HPAI
Asian H5N1 is especially deadly for poultry. The virus was first detected in 1996 in
geese in China. Asian H5N1 was first detected in humans in 1997 during a poultry
outbreak in Hong Kong and has since been detected in poultry and wild birds in
more than 50 countries in Africa, Asia, Europe, and the Middle East. Six countries
are considered to be endemic for Asian HPAI H5N1 virus in poultry (Bangladesh,
China, Egypt, India, Indonesia, and Vietnam).29
Since its widespread re-emergence in 2003, rare, sporadic human infections with
this virus have been reported in Asia, and later in Africa, Europe, and the Middle
East. Human infections with Asian H5N1 viruses have been associated with severe
disease and death. Most human infections with avian influenza viruses, including
HPAI Asian H5N1 viruses, have occurred after prolonged and close contact with
infected birds. Rare human -to -human spread with this virus has occurred, but it
has not been sustained and no community spread of this virus has ever been
identified.
SARS, 2002/2003: Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a viral
respiratory illness caused by a coronavirus called SARS-associated coronavirus
29 hftps://www.cdc.gov/flu/avianflu/h5nl-virus.htry.
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(SARS-CoV). SARS was first reported in Asia in February 2003. The illness spread
to more than two dozen countries in North America, South America, Europe, and
Asia before the SARS global outbreak of 2003 was contained.
Since 2004, there have not been any known cases of SARS reported anywhere in
the world. The content in this website was developed for the 2003 SARS epidemic.
But some guidelines are still being used."
H1N1, 2009: In the spring of 2009, a novel influenza A (H1N1) virus emerged. It
was detected first in the United States and spread quickly across the United States
and the world. This new H1N1 virus contained a unique combination of influenza
genes not previously identified in animals or people. This virus was designated as
influenza A (H1N1)pdm09 virus. From April 12, 2009 to April 10, 2010, CDC
estimated there were 60.8 million cases (range: 43.3-89.3 million), 274,304
hospitalizations (range: 195,086-402,719), and 12,469 deaths (range: 8868-
18,306) in the United States due to the (HlNl)pdm09 virus.31
Ebola, 2014-2016: On March 23, 2014, the World Health Organization (WHO)
reported cases of Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) in the forested rural region of
southeastern Guinea. The identification of these early cases marked the beginning
of the West Africa Ebola epidemic, the largest in history. On March 23, 2014, with
49 confirmed cases and 29 deaths, the WHO officially declared an outbreak of
EVD.
Overall, eleven people were treated for Ebola in the United States during the 2014-
2016 epidemic. On September 30, 2014, CDC confirmed the first travel -associated
case of EVD diagnosed in the United States in a man who traveled from West
Africa to Dallas, Texas. The patient (the index case) died on October 8, 2014. Two
healthcare workers who cared for him in Dallas tested positive for EVD. Both
recovered.
On October 23, 2014, a medical aid worker who had volunteered in Guinea was
hospitalized in New York City with suspected EVD. The diagnosis was confirmed
by the CDC the next day. The patient recovered. Seven other people were cared
for in the United States after they were exposed to the virus and became ill while
in West Africa, the majority of whom were medical workers. They were transported
by chartered aircraft from West Africa to hospitals in the United States. Six of these
patients recovered, one died.
• MERS, 2014: In May 2014, CDC confirmed two unlinked imported cases of MERS
in the United States —one to Indiana, the other to Florida. Both cases were among
healthcare providers who lived and worked in Saudi Arabia. Both traveled to the
U.S. from Saudi Arabia, where scientists believe they were infected. Both were
hospitalized in the U.S. and later discharged after fully recovering.32
30 hftps://www.cdc.-gov/sars/index.ht,,,,
3' hftps://www.cdc.gov/flu/andemic-resources/2009-hlnl- andemic.htmi
32 httgs://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/mers/us.htmi
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• Zika Virus, 2015 and 2016: In early 2015, a widespread epidemic of Zika fever,
caused by the Zika virus in Brazil, spread to other parts of South and North
America. It also affected several islands in the Pacific, and Southeast Asia. In
2016, a reported 5,168 cases of Zika virus were reported in the U.S. In the State
of Florida, this included 1,107 cases of the virus.33
• COVID-19, 2020: On January 11, 2020, Chinese health authorities preliminarily
identified more than 40 human infections with novel coronavirus in an outbreak of
pneumonia under investigation in Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China. Chinese
health authorities subsequently posted the full genome of the so-called "novel
coronavirus 2019", or "2019-nCoV", in GenBank ®, the National Institutes of Health
genetic sequence database.
On February 11, 2020 the World Health Organization announced an official name
for the disease that is causing the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak, COVID-19
and declared it a pandemic outbreak on March 11, 2020.34
4. Probability of Future Events
According to previous history and the CDC, pandemic type events rarely happen (4 times
in the 20th century), therefore indicating a low/moderate probability.
5. Vulnerability and Risk Assessment
Certain people are at high -risk for serious complications (infants, elderly, pregnant women,
extreme obesity and persons with certain chronic medical conditions). Further impacting
risk, most people have little or no immunity because they have no previous exposure to
the virus or similar viruses.
Seasonal flu rates of medical visits, complications, hospitalizations and death can vary
from low to high. The CDC estimates that flu -related hospitalizations since 2010 ranged
from 140,000 to 710,000, while flu -related deaths are estimated to have ranged from
12,000 to 56,000. Now in comparison, pandemic flu rates of medical visits, complications,
hospitalizations and death can range from moderate to high. The number of deaths could
be much higher than the seasonal flu (e.g. The estimated U.S. death toll during the 1918
pandemic was approximately 675,000). With the recent spread of COVID19, additional
pandemic numbers will continually change until a time in which the virus is contained.
Considering the spread and infection rate, a pandemic event may cause major impacts on
the general public, such as travel restrictions and school or business closings. Additionally,
there is the potential for severe impact on domestic and world economies.35 Thus, a
pandemic/epidemic would generally have a high impact to Lake County and its
jurisdictions.
Most efforts in analyzing the impacts and effects of disease and pandemic have been
done at the national level. Because of the dynamics involved with the spread of disease
and pandemic, a local level assessment has not been conducted specifically, but the local
33 https://www.cdc.gov/ziki:uuiclex.htliji
34 Florida Department of Health — Novel Coronavirus 2019nCoV
35 (https://www.cdc.gov/flu/pandemic-resources/basics/about.html)
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understanding that if a pandemic does impact our community, it will quickly overwhelm
our local healthcare system.
o) Hazardous Materials
9. Description
A hazardous material is any item or agent which has the potential to cause harm to
humans, animals, or the environment, either by itself or through interaction with other
factors. Emergencies can happen during production, storage, transportation, use or
disposal. populations are at risk when chemicals are used unsafely or released in harmful
amounts where you live, work or play.
Hazardous materials include:
• Explosives;
• Flammable, non-flammable, and poison gas;
• Flammable liquids;
• Flammable, spontaneously combustible, and dangerous when wet solids:
• Oxidizers and organic peroxides;
• Poisons and infectious substances;
• Radioactive materials; and
• Corrosive materials.36
2. Location and Extent
The release of a hazardous materials to the environment could cause a multitude of
problems. Although these incidents can happen almost anywhere, certain areas of the
County are at higher risk, such as near roadways that are frequently used for transporting
hazardous materials and locations with industrial facilities that use, store, or dispose of
such materials. Areas crossed by railways, waterways, airways, and pipelines also have
increased potential for mishaps. Incidences can occur during production, storage,
transportation, use, or disposal of hazardous materials. Communities can be at risk if a
chemical is used unsafely or released in harmful amounts into the environment.
Hazardous materials can cause death, serious injury, long-lasting health effects, and
damage to buildings, the environment, homes, and other property.
The term "release" includes spilling, leaking, pumping, pouring, emitting, emptying,
discharging, escaping, leaching, dumping, or disposing into the environment of any
hazardous material. Hazardous materials releases (HMRs) may be intentional or
accidental, and may occur at fixed facilities or on vehicles.
HMRs are harmful in three ways:
1) Life safety concerns. Chemical, biological, and radiological agents can cause
significant health risks to those exposed to them; biological agents can be additionally
dangerous if they are infectious. Flammable and explosive materials also present life
safety concerns if they are exposed to heat.
36 National Archives and Records Administration, "Code of Federal Regulations Title 49: Transpo.
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2) Costly and delicate nature of cleanup. Any release of a hazardous material requires
a thorough and careful clean-up of the site and decontamination of those exposed.
3) Operational delays. Delays caused by any HMR and the ensuing evacuation and
cleanup processes could lead to significant economic losses due to traffic delays
(mobile releases) or operational shut -down (fixed facilities).
Most incidents occur with little or no warning, and can be difficult to detect until
symptoms present themselves in those affected. Although major chemical incidents
seem most threatening, it is the smaller, more routine accidents and spills that have a
greater impact on humans, wildlife, economy, and environment. Some of the most
common spills involve tanker trucks and railroad tankers containing gasoline, chlorine,
or other industrial chemicals.
Accidental hazardous waste/materials spills can be reported immediately following the
spill, thus reducing the amount of time the spill is left uncontained. Most hazardous
waste/materials spills occur with little or no warning, and can be difficult, if not
impossible, to detect until symptoms present themselves to those affected. External
releases may create airborne plumes of chemical, biological, or radiological elements
that can affect a wide area and last for hours or days. Internal releases would most
likely require evacuation of a facility for hours to days. Both external and internal
releases would require extensive clean-up efforts, which could last days to months
depending on the type and magnitude of the spill.
3. Previous Occurrences
Small hazardous material releases such as gasoline or diesel spills can be a daily/weekly
occurrence. The most recent large hazardous materials incident was in July of 2013. A
massive explosion at the Blue Rhino Propane Plant resulted in the release of nearly
600,000 pounds of propane.37
4. Probability of Future Events
The threat of future incidents involving hazardous materials is ever increasing, not only
from our own County's growth and increasing demand for hazardous products, but also
from homeland security threats. The County also is a major transportation route where by
hazardous materials are constantly traveling through the community in the immediate
proximity of citizens, homes, and local businesses. Transportation of hazardous materials
via highways, airport, railways, waterways, or pipelines requires citizens to live within
vulnerable areas of hazardous materials. Although, the probability and risk of a hazardous
material event happening in the future certainly exits, the overall risk remains low due to
stringent industry regulation and scrutiny of such facilities and transports.
To assist in planning for potential hazardous materials incidents, the County uses CAMEO
FM, a system of software applications used widely to plan for and respond to chemical
emergencies. The CAMEO program identifies each facility and creates a worst -case
scenario vulnerable zone (VZ) around that facility to help in the planning process to
understand all the areas that could potentially be impacted by a chemical release or
37 https://www.osha.aov/news/newsreleases/region4/12082015
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accident. In an effort to define the hazard areas for our extremely hazardous materials
(classified as "302" hazards), we use the output of "worst -case scenarios" from the
CAMEO FM Program. When identifying the worst -case vulnerability zones for all the "302"
facilities in the County, all of the heavily populated areas are at risk from at least one of
the "302" facilities.
5. Vulnerability and Risk Assessment
Areas with multiple chemical facilities experience a greater risk of a chemical incident than
other locations. Nearly every community in Lake County has at least one facility in each
that stores, produces, or utilizes a hazardous material. Propane installations are located
across the state and their presence increases the risk of an incident. Hazardous material
shipments move through the county annually; these shipments can occur at any time, day
or night, and by means of road, rail, air and water, and often through areas with urbanized,
high traffic volume routes. Considering all of these factors, a hazardous materials incident
would generally have a high impact to Lake County and its jurisdictions.
Hazardous waste/materials spills may be accidental or intentional, and may occur at fixed
facilities or during transportation.
Hazardous materials are widely used in public and private facilities and farms. Numerous
facilities in Lake County store, use, dispose, or have the capacity and infrastructure to
handle hazardous materials on a regular basis; under Title III of the Emergency Planning
and Community Right to Know Act, facilities that meet certain requirements must report to
federal, state, and local authorities. These facilities are commonly referred to as "Tier I" or
"Tier II" facilities. There are 247 Tier II facilities with over 500 hazardous materials located
in Lake County.
While smaller spills may be more frequent in Lake County, larger, more dangerous spills
are infrequent.
p) Civil Disorder/Disturbance
Description
Civil disorder is typically the result of groups or individuals within the population feeling,
rightly or wrongly, that their needs or rights are not being met, either by the society at
large, a segment thereof, or the current overriding political system. When this results in
community disruption where intervention is required to maintain public safety it becomes
a civil disturbance. Civil disturbances can also occur in reaction to political movements or
special events that attract large crowds, or as a result of an unemployment or economic
crisis. When groups or individuals disrupt the community to the point where intervention
is required to maintain public safety, the event has become a civil disturbance.
2. Location and Extent
Civil disturbance can occur anywhere and spans a wide variety of actions which includes,
but is not limited to: labor unrest, strikes, civil disobedience, demonstrations, riots, prison
riots, or rebellion leading to revolution. Triggers could include racial tension, religious
conflict, unemployment, a decrease in normally accepted services or goods, such as
extreme water, food, or gasoline rationing, or unpopular political actions. The most
common type of civil disturbance is riots. Riots can cause extensive social disruption, loss
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of jobs, death, and property damage. The loss and damages may result from those
involved in the action or initiated by authorities in response to the perception of a potential
threat.
3. Previous Occurrences
Lake County has a low occurrence of civil unrest. Lake County contains one State
Correctional Institute in Clermont (1,093 population) and the Lake County Detention
Center (capacity 960 beds, 747 average population in 2016). In the event of an institutional
emergency within the correctional facilities located in Lake County, coordination with State
and/or Federal authorities may be required.38
There have been no recorded instances of large, unlawful civil disturbances in Lake
County that have exceeded the ability of existing law enforcement resources and
partnering agencies to suppress and control.
4. Probability of Future Events
The probability of civil disturbances occurring in Lake County is considered low.
5. Vulnerability and Risk Assessment
It is impossible to conduct a vulnerability analysis and loss estimation by jurisdiction for
Civil Disturbances. While peaceful protests or demonstrations occur frequently, it is
difficult to determine when a protest will become a civil disturbance or riot, by disrupting
daily operations or by becoming violent. Based on the historical occurrences, the large,
urban areas of the state are more likely to be affected by Civil Disturbances than the small
rural areas. Considering all of these factors, civil disorder/disturbance would generally
have a low impact to Lake County and its jurisdictions.
q) Cyberattack/Cyberterrorism
Description
For the purposes of this report, a cyberattack is defined as a malicious computer -to -
computer attack through cyberspace that undermines the confidentiality, integrity, or
availability of a computer (or network), data on that computer, or processes and systems
controlled by that computer. National Security Presidential Directive 54/Homeland
Security Presidential Directive 23 (NSPD-54/HSPD- 23) defines cyberspace as the
interdependent network of information technology infrastructures, and includes the
Internet, telecommunications networks, computer systems, and embedded processors
and controllers in critical industries.
Threats to cyber space are regarded as one of the most serious economic and national
security challenges in this day in age for the United States. As the Director of National
Intelligence (DNI) recently testified before Congress, "the growing connectivity between
information systems, the Internet, and other infrastructures creates opportunities for
attackers to disrupt telecommunications, electrical power, energy pipelines, refineries,
financial networks, and other critical infrastructures.39
38 Lake County Comprehensive Emergency Management Plan, 2018
39 Director of National Intelligence, Annual Threat Assessment of the Intelligence Community for the Senate
Armed Services Committee, Statement for the Record, March 10, 2009, at 39.
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The duration of a cyberattack is dependent on the complexity of the attack, how
widespread it is, how quickly the attack is detected, and the resources available to aid in
restoring the system. One of the difficulties of malicious cyber activity is that it could come
from virtually anyone, virtually anywhere. The following tables summarize the common
types and sources of cyberthreats.40
40 United States Government Accountability Office, "Critical Infrastructure Protection: Department of Homeland
Security Faces Challenges in Fulfilling Cybersecurity Responsibilities", Report #GAO-05-434 (May 2005),
www.gao.gov/new.items/d05434.pdf
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Table 14: Common Types of Cyber Attacks
2020
Type of Attack _ Description
Botnet A collection of compromised machines (buts) under (unified) control of an attacker (botmaster).
A method of attack from a single source that denies system access to legitimate users by
Denial of service overwhelming the target computer with messages and blocking legitimate traffic. It can prevent
a system from being able to exchange data with other systems or use the Internet.
Distributed A variant of the denial of service attack that uses a coordinated attack from a distributed
denial system of computers rather than from a single source. It often makes use of worms to spread
of service to multiple computers that can then attack the target.
Exploit tools Publicly available and sophisticated tools that intruders of various skill levels can use to
determine vulnerabilities and gain entry into targeted_ systems.
A form of sabotage in which a programmer inserts code that causes the program to perform a
Logic bombs destructive action when some triggering event occurs, such as terminating the programmer's
employment.
The creation and use of emails and websites designed to look like those of well-known
legitimate businesses, financial institutions, and government agencies in order to deceive
Phishing Internet users into disclosing their personal data, such as bank and financial account
information and passwords. Phishers use or sell this information for criminal purposes, such as
identity theft and fraud.
Sniffer Also knows as packet sniffer. A program that intercepts routed data and examines each packet
in search of specified information, such aspasswords transmitted in clear text.
Trojan horse A computer program that conceals harmful code. A Trojan horse usually masquerades as a 1
useful program that a user would wish to execute. II
A program that infects computer files, usually executable programs, by inserting a copy of itself
Virus into the file. These copies are usually executed when the infected file is loaded into memory,
allowing the virus to infect other files. Unlike the computer worm, a virus requires human
involvement (usually unwitting) to propagate.
War dialing Simple programs that dial consecutive telephone numbers looking for modems.
War driving A method of gaining entry into wireless computer networks using a laptop, antennas, and a
wireless network adaptor that involves patrolling locations to gain unauthorized access.
An independent computer program that reproduces by copying itself from one system to
Worm another across a network. Unlike computer viruses, worms do not require human involvement
to propagate.
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Table 15: Common Sources of Cybersecurity Threats
Threat _ Description
Bot-network operators are hackers; however. instead of breaking into systems for the
Bot-network challenge or bragging rights, they take over multiple systems in order to coordinate attacks and
operators to distribute phishing schemes, spam, and malware attacks. The services of these networks
are sometimes made available on underground markets (e.g., purchasing a denial -of -service
attack, servers to relay spam or phishing attacks, etc.).
Criminal groups seek to attack systems for monetary gain; specifically, organized crime groups
use spam, phishing, and spyware/malware to commit identity theft and online fraud.
Criminal groups International corporate spies and organized crime organizations also pose a threat to the
United States through their ability to conduct industrial espionage and large-scale monetary
theft, and to hire or develop hacker talent.
Foreign intelligence services use cyber tools as part of their information -gathering and
Foreign espionage activities; in addition, several nations are aggressively working to develop
intelligence information warfare doctrine, programs, and capabilities. Such capabilities enable a single
entity to have a significant and serious impact by disrupting the supply, communications, and
services economic infrastructures that support military power—Ampacts that could affect the daily lives
Hof U.S. citizens across the country.
I Hackers break into networks for the thrill of the challenge or for bragging rights in the hacker
community. While remote hacking once required a fair amount of skill or computer knowledge,
hackers can now download attack scripts and protocols from the Internet and launch them
Hackers against victim sites. Thus, while attack tools have become more sophisticated, they have also
become easier to use. According to the Central Intelligence Agency, the large majority of
hackers do not have the requisite expertise to threaten difficult targets such as critical U.S.
networks; nevertheless, the worldwide population of hackers poses a relatively high threat of
an isolated or brief disruption causing serious damage.
The disgruntled organization insider is a principal source of computer crime. Insiders may not
need a great deal of knowledge about computer intrusions because their knowledge of a target
Insiders system often allows them to gain unrestricted access to cause damage to the system or to
steal system data. The insider threat also includes outsourcing vendors as well as employees
who accidentally introduce malware into systems.
Individuals or small groups that execute phishing schemes in an attempt to steal identities or
Phishers information for monetary gain. Phishers may also use spam and spyware/malware to
accomplish their objectives.
Individuals or organizations that distribute unsolicited email with hidden or false information in
Spammers order to sell products, conduct phishing schemes, distribute spyware/malware, or attack
organizations (e.g., denial of service).
Spyware/ Individuals or organizations with malicious intent carry out attacks against users by producing
Malware and distributing spyware and malware. Several destructive computer viruses and worms have
authors harmed files and hard drives, including the Melissa Macro Virus, the Explore.Zip worm, the CIH
(Chernobyl) Virus, Nimda, Code Red, Slammer, and Blaster.
Cyberterrorists seek to destroy, incapacitate, or exploit critical infrastructures in order to
Cyberterrorists threaten national security; cause mass casuafties, weaken economies, or target businesses;
and/or damage public morale and confidence. Cyberterrorists may use phishing schemes or
spyware/malware in order to generate funds or gather sensitive information.
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2. Location and Extent
2020
As most day-to-day activities rely on the Internet in one aspect or another, any person or
infrastructure is susceptible to cybersecurity threats. Energy pipelines, specifically U.S.
natural gas pipelines, have been cited by DHS as targets of cyberattack. While information
on these attacks is not publicly available knowledge, cyber security officials warn that, with
sufficient access, a hacker could "manipulate pressure and other control system settings,
potentially reaping explosions and other dangerous conditions.1141 While cyber risks and
threats are mainly thought of as not having specific locations, there are physical sites that
would be impacted. Locations at risk could include government agencies, institutions of
higher education, medical facilities, and various private sector entities.
3. Previous Occurrences
Low-level cyber-attacks occur daily and sometimes hourly on governmental systems. Most
of these attacks do not breach the County systems, however, there have been cases of
minor breaches.
4. Probability of Future Events
Based on the growing sophistication and political climate, there is a high probability of
future cyberattack events within Lake County.
5. Vulnerability and Risk Assessment
The public is heavily reliant on technology for daily life, including cell phones, handheld
devices such as tablets, and computers. Any disruption to this technology caused by a
cyberattack would impair the ability for the public to conduct basic activities, such as
communications, mobile banking, and work. Property and facilities may become either
uninhabitable or unusable as a result of a cyberattack, particularly if their infrastructure if
reliant on technology for sustainability.
A significant majority of critical infrastructure systems are in some way tied to technology,
oftentimes through virtual operations and supervisory control and data acquisition
(SCADA) systems. Therefore, a cyberattack could disable the vast majority of systems
which control these pieces of critical infrastructure, as well as traffic control, dispatch,
utility, and response systems. Targeted cyberattacks can impact water or wastewater
treatment facilities. The disruption of the virtual systems tied to this infrastructure could
cause water pollution or contamination and subsequent environmental issues.
Cyberattacks can interfere with emergency response communication and activities. Given
that many first responders rely on technology both at operations center and in the field, a
cyberattack could impair the ability to communicate. For example, many agencies rely on
technology to notify and route responders to the scene of the emergency. More
specifically, 911 dispatch centers rely on technology which makes them vulnerable to
cyber exploits. Considering all of these factors, cyberattack/cyberterrorism would
generally have a high impact to Lake County and its jurisdictions.
41 Florida State Hazard Mitigation Plan, 2013
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r) Terrorism
2020
Description
A terrorist incident could involve a wide variety of materials or actions, or combinations of
materials and actions. These could range from uncomplicated incidents impacting
relatively small areas, to highly complex incidents with very widespread physical or
economic consequence. The response to such an incident would require specialized
personnel and resources beyond the capabilities of Lake County and its municipalities,
and would require assistance from mutual aid organizations, adjacent counties, the State
of Florida, and the Federal government.
2. Location and Extent
Lake County has many facilities and systems that are considered to be critical
infrastructure; whose continued and uninterrupted operation is necessary for the health,
safety and well-being of the community. These facilities could be considered potential
targets for a terrorist attack which could have potentially widespread consequences for
adjacent neighborhoods or the community as a whole. With Lake County's close vicinity
to Orange County and the popular tourist destinations located within, Lake County could
be considered a host -county in the event a major catastrophic terrorist event should
occur.42
3. Previous Occurrences
Historically, Lake County and its jurisdictions have been fortunate not to have experienced
any terrorist related incidents in the past.
4. Probability of Future Events
The probability of a terrorist act within Lake County is considered low with a minimum to
moderate impact. However, due to the close vicinity to Orange County and the popular
tourist destinations located within, Lake County could be considered a host -county in the
event a major catastrophic terrorist event should occur.
Historically, there had been few successful acts of terrorism committed in the State.
However, with the heightened level of national terrorism events, and because of the
number of facilities within the State associated with tourism, the military, government,
cultural, academic, and transportation, the potential is considered to be high nationwide.
In Lake County, terrorism assessments have identified facilities that have the potential for
being targets for terrorist attacks with the intent of causing psychological effects of the
appearance of terrorism, catastrophic levels of loss of life, injury, and property and
environmental damage.
5. Vulnerability and Risk Assessment
Lake County's vulnerability to the consequences of a terrorist attack on its facilities or
systems include, but are not limited to:
• Disruption to the ability to initiate and sustain emergency response operations
• Increased safety risks to the community from the release of hazardous materials
or dangerous substances
42 Lake County Comprehensive Emergency Management Plan, 2018
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• Disruption to the ability to maintain governmental functions, including: law
enforcement, public health and safety, public utility systems, education, and other
critical operations
• Threats to institutions serving large numbers of individuals with higher vulnerability
to the health and safety consequences
• Threats to the economic vitality of the community and its businesses
• Damage or disruption to components of the transportation or utility infrastructure
resulting in additional physical or economic consequences
Considering all of these factors, terrorism would generally have a moderate impact to Lake
County and its jurisdictions.
s) Prolonged Utility/Communications Failure
Description
A utility failure can result from a variety of related causes, including sagging lines due to
hot weather, flashovers from transmission lines to nearby trees and incorrect relay
settings. According to the electric utility industry's trade association, the potential for such
disturbances is expected to increase with the profound changes now sweeping the electric
utility industry.
A communication failure is defined as the severe interruption or loss of private and or
public communications systems, including but not limited to transmission lines, broadcast,
relay, switching and repeater stations as well as communications satellites, electrical
generation capabilities, and associated hardware and software applications necessary to
operate communications equipment. These disruptions may result from equipment failure,
human acts (deliberate or accidental), or the results of natural or human made disasters.
2. Location and Extent
A prolonged utility failure can have the following potential impacts on Lake County:
electrical power outage, surface and air transportation disruption, potable water system
loss of disruption, sewer system outage, telecommunication system outage, human and
health safety, psychological hardship, economic disruption, and disruption of community
services. All municipalities are at equal risk for prolonged power outages; however, some
communities may be restored more quickly than others depending on other high priority
locations with which they share a grid.
A prolonged communications failure would affect essential facilities and the day to day
operations of local government as well as the business community. Sites of concern would
range from dispatch agencies, satellite uplink and downlink sites, internet service provider
sites, and the telecommunication industry switching sites. Interruptions in day to day
communications would create problems for businesses, public agencies, citizens and
emergency services.
3. Previous Occurrences
Utility failure/disruption occurs on a daily basis and is typically minor and services are
restored quickly. Most of the prolonged utility failure/disruption is directly associated with
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other contributing hazards such as hurricanes, tornadoes, floods, technological failures
etc.
4. Probability of Future Events
While the probability of future power failure incidents in Lake County is difficult to predict,
the historic record indicates that significant power failures have occurred. Data is not
readily available on the frequency of smaller power outages across the county; however,
it is reasonable to assume that power failure events of shorter duration will continue to
occur in the future. The potential for another major power failure that disrupts power for
Lake County residents is always possible, yet are expected to occur less frequently than
smaller incidents. In addition, future changes in climate may also impact the frequency
and probability of future power failure occurrences.
5. Vulnerability and Risk Assessment
Loss of electricity can lead to the inability to use electric -powered equipment, such as:
lighting; heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) and necessary equipment;
communication equipment (telephones, computers, etc.); small appliances such as
refrigerators and medical equipment. This all can lead to food/medical supply spoilage,
loss of heating and cooling. Utility failure can also pose a threat to the general population
of Lake County regarding the loss of communications, gas, and water supply that are
critical to ensure the health, safety, and general welfare of the population. The special
needs population can be especially vulnerable to loss of heat or air conditioning during
extreme weather conditions.
Considering all of these factors, prolonged utility failure/disruption would generally have a
moderate impact to Lake County and its jurisdictions.
t) Mass Casualty
1. Description
A Mass Casualty Incident (MCI) is any incident in which emergency medical services
resources, such as personnel and equipment, are overwhelmed by the number and
severity of casualties.
2. Location and Extent
A mass casualty incident can be can be caused by various incidents/factors. Largely these
are associated with the following examples: terrorism; large gatherings/special events;
biological; and transportation.
An MCI will be classified by different levels depending on the number of victims. These
levels are as follows:
• MCI Level 1 (5-10 victims)
• MCI Level 2 (11-20 victims)
• MCI Level 3 (over 21 victims)
• MCI Level 4 (100 victims or greater, major MCI)
• MCI Level 5 (1000 victims or greater, major MCI)
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Any location in Lake County is at risk of experiencing a mass casualty event. Areas or
events that are densely populated within the of the county that could potentially be more
likely targets for a mass casualty event, especially one caused by terrorism.
3. Previous Occurrences
Historically, Lake County and its jurisdictions have been fortunate not to have experienced
large/major mass casualty incidents in the past.
4. Probability of Future Events
The probability of disasters involving mass casualties resulting from the factors listed is
considered possible, although the probability is low within lake county.
5. Vulnerability and Risk Assessment
As previously mentioned, any location in Lake County is at risk of experiencing a mass
casualty event, especially those that are more densely populated. Additionally, any areas
surrounding a mass casualty event will be in danger of additional injuries and fatalities
depending on the type of incident. A mass casualty event can be particularly chaotic for
first responders who can become quickly overwhelmed by responding simultaneously to
the crisis and consequences of an attack. In the event of a terrorist attack, response could
become inhibited due to debris on the road, traffic, or airborne disease/chemicals. Access
must be coordinated in order to perform effective rescue efforts. First responders may also
be targeted in the event of secondary attacks. Considering all of these factors, a mass
casualty incident would generally have a moderate impact to Lake County and its
jurisdictions.
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III. VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY AND CONCLUSIONS
The Local Mitigation Strategy must include an assessment of vulnerability to all hazards.43 For some
hazards such as lightning, hail, high winds, excessive heat, and freezes, all jurisdictions are equally
at risk and have similar hazard vulnerabilities. For other hazards, some areas are more vulnerable
than others due to geographical or property characteristics. These hazards include: flooding,
sinkholes, wildfires, and dam/levee failure.
A. Assessing Vulnerabilities
a) Repetitive Loss Properties
The Flood Mitigation Assistance (FMA) Grant Program was created as part of the National
Flood Insurance Reform Act (NFIRA) of 1994 to reduce or eliminate claims under the National
Flood Insurance Program (NFIP). The FMA Grant program was updated in FY 2013 by the
Flood Insurance Reform Act of 2012 (Public Law 112-114). The primary objective of the
Repetitive Loss Properties Strategy is to eliminate or reduce the damage to property and the
disruption of life caused by repeated flooding of the same properties. A specific target group
of repetitive loss properties is identified and serviced separately from other NFIP policies by
the Special Direct Facility (SDF). The target group included every NFIP-insurance policy that
since 1978 and regardless of an ownership change during that period has experienced:
• Insurance property with 2 flood claims where the repairs equaled or exceeded 25% of the
market value of the structure at the time of the flood event.
Insured property with flood history of 4 or more separate claims of $5,000 each with
cumulative total exceeding $20,000 or at least 2 claim payments where the cumulative
amount of 2 claims exceeds the market value of the structure.
Although the FMA Grant Program is federally funded, and administered through a partnership
with the Florida Division of Emergency Management (FDEM), local and Native American
Tribal governments, and the Federal Emergency Management Agency. Authority and
responsibility for developing and maintaining a State Mitigation Plan, assisting local and
Native America Tribal governments in developing and maintaining Flood Mitigation Plans,
reviewing FMA Grant sub -applications, recommending cost effective sub -applications to
FEMA and providing pass -through grant funds to awarded FMA Grant projects from eligible
sub -applicants resides with FDEM. They also are responsible for ensuring the projects funded
are completed and all reporting requirements are met.
As of 2020 LMS plan update, there are nine (9) repetitive loss properties in Lake County
(Astor), and all are residential and are located in unincorporated Lake County. There are no
documented repetitive loss properties in the municipalities participating in this plan. The Lake
County Department of Public Works continues efforts to work with these property owner(s) to
find possible solutions to the flooding problems. Total payments made for all repetitive flood
loss properties in the past has been $953,534. Lake County and the jurisdictions are
continuing to work with property owners to resolve all issues related to repetitive flooding.
43 United States Code of Federal Regulations 44 CFR 201.6(c)(2)(ii)
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b) Local Match Reg uirement/Potential Funding Sources
2020
A very important component of the application process for mitigation process is the
identification of funding source(s) to meet the local match requirements for respective projects.
While cash match provided by the applicant is an option, the identification of outside funding
sources is often sought to create less financial hardship for the applicant. There are a variety
of other programs that could potentially be viable sources for mitigation projects. While they
all have their own programmatic rules and requirements, there is often the ability to use these
programs as tools and resources to assist in the completion of mitigation projects.
The first source of funding may come from the various programs sponsored by the Florida
Division of Emergency Management (FDEM). Various Federal programs under the direction
of the FDEM Mitigation Unit are a potential resource as well, such as the National Flood
Insurance Program, the Flood Mitigation Assistance Program, and the Pre -Disaster Mitigation
Program. There is also the Residential Construction Mitigation Program (RCMP), which
provides technical and financial resources to homeowners for hurricane retrofitting. If
homeowners are recommended for the program, they are eligible for a forgivable loan to
complete the retrofitting recommendations. Since, 2010, the Repetitive Flood Claims Program
and the Severe Repetitive Loss Program were eliminated.
There are also other programs offered, such as the Community Development Block Grant
(CDBG) Program and Florida Communities Trust; the Florida Department of Environmental
Protection's Florida Coastal Management Program, and various programs under the US Army
Corps of Engineers; US Department of Agriculture; US Department of Commerce; US
Department of Homeland Security; and the US Department of Housing and Urban
Development. This list is not exhaustive, as there are also various other agencies and
organizations that provide funding opportunities. This list will continue to be improved upon
and shared with mitigation partners in order to assist them in their planning and funding efforts.
B. Land Use Trends and Potential Loss
Land use especially within hazard -prone areas has an impact on vulnerability as some uses may
be more prone to disaster related damages than others. Residential and industrial development
are examples of this. Individual jurisdictions have the most significant and legal authority over
land use policy and can make an analysis of potential land use projects to determine if a mitigation
strategy is necessary. Local current land uses and potential for new development reports along
with future land use and general development trends are indicative of how future development
will impact the LMS for Lake County. Careful consideration of potential risk from various hazards
can help guide thoughtful land use to minimize vulnerabilities in the future. When necessary to
further local effort, modifications to plans, ordinances, codes and similar policies can be proposed
as initiatives for consideration into the LMS.
The Lake County Comprehensive Plan 203044 guides future development through policies and
procedures consistent with the County's growth objectives. This plan identifies current and future
development trends.
44 httos://www.lakecountvfj.qov/offices/planning and zoning/comprehensive planning
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C. Critical Facilities and Structures
2020
Lake County maintains an inventory of critical facilities, infrastructure and structures that are
located within hazard area. This list includes but is not limited to emergency services facilities,
medical facilities, government facilities, schools, emergency/evacuation shelters, fire and police
stations, emergency operation center, facilities used by special needs populations, and any other
facilities identified by Emergency Management. This list is updated annually.
The LMS Working Group has identified goals and objectives to guide the development of this
plan. These goals and objectives provide focus for the activities of the LMS Working Group toward
mitigation efforts that will meet the needs of the jurisdictions.
The goals selected by the LMS Working Group are related to the broad mitigation needs and
capabilities of the communities involved, rather than addressing a specific hazard type or
category. Therefore, these mitigation goals and objectives are multi -hazard and are the mitigation
related capabilities that are important to Lake County. These will be present in each participating
jurisdiction in the future as the goals are achieved.
D. Mitigation Actions
Each goal is following by several objectives that provide more specific steps to be taken by the
LMS Working Group and the jurisdictions to achieve the broad -based, long-range direction for
planning. Objectives define the steps that are actionable for implementation by the LMS Working
Group and associated community partners.
The objectives are intended to guide selection and implementation of mitigation projects that are
included in the project list. The closer the goals and objectives are to reaching a more resilient,
disaster community, completion of those projects will further improve the community and achieve
the goals of the mitigation planning process.
Since the 2010 plan, Lake County has completed four projects and one was terminated. This list
is included in Appendix I. Projects that remain open are generally open due to the fact that match
funding is even more difficult to find within local government budgets and mitigation initiatives and
generally do not take precedence over providing the basic services that are expected to be
provided by local governments to citizens. Also, it is important to note that although a project may
be listed as completed, that does not mean it was necessarily funded by FEMA. The initiative may
have been completed by the local government on its own or was funded by alternative funding
sources. This document is meant to be a planning tool that is not completely reliant on FEMA
assistance to add, fund, or complete projects identified within the plan.
It is anticipated that the list of completed projects will grow as there is one mitigation project
currently underway as of the plan update that is not yet completed. The intent is to identify a
comprehensive range of hazards with involvement by all jurisdictions within Lake County. Every
jurisdiction has an identifiable project/action item within the LMS project listing. Appendix I
identifies all of the projects, listed by priority score.
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IV. MITIGATION GOALS AND OBJECTIVES
Goal 1: Local government will have the capability to develop, implement, and maintain
effective mitigation programs.
Objective 1.1: Data and information needed for defining hazards, risk areas, and vulnerabilities
will be readily available.
Objective 1.2: Emergency services organizations will have the capability to detect emergency
situations and promptly initiate emergency response operations.
Objective 1.3: The capability to effectively utilize available data and information related to
mitigation planning and program development will be available.
Objective 1.4: The effectiveness of mitigation initiatives implemented in the community will be
measured and documented.
Objective 1.5: There will be a program to derive mitigation "lessons learned" from each
significant disaster event occurring in or near the community.
Objective 1.6: Up-to-date technical skills in mitigation planning and programming will be
available for the community.
Goal 2: All sectors of the community will work together to create a disaster resistant
community.
Objective 2.1: A business continuity and recovery program will be established and
implemented in the community.
Objective 2.2: Local agencies and organizations will establish specific interagency agreements
for the development and implementation of mitigation -related projects and programs.
Objective 2.3: Local elected governing bodies will promulgate the local mitigation plan and
support community mitigation programming.
Objective 2.4: Outreach programs to gain participation in mitigation programs by business,
industry, institutions, and community groups will be developed and implemented.
Objective 2.5: The community will be periodically updated regarding local efforts in mitigation
planning and programming.
Objective 2.6: The community's public and private sector organizations will partner to promote
hazard mitigation programming throughout the community.
Goal 3: The community will have the capability to initiate and sustain emergency response
operations during and after a disaster
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Objective 3.1: Designated evacuation routes will be maintained and improved wherever
possible to remain open before, during, and after disaster event.
Objective 3.2: Designated evacuation shelters will be retrofitted or relocated to ensure their
operability during and after disaster events.
Objective 3.3: Local emergency services facilities will be retrofitted or relocated to withstand
the structural impacts of disasters.
Objective 3A Response capabilities will be available to protect visitors, special needs
individuals, and the homeless from a disaster's health and safety impacts.
Objective 3.5: Shelters or structures for vehicles and equipment needed for emergency
services operation will be retrofitted or relocated to withstand disaster impacts.
Objective 3.6: Utility and communications systems supporting emergency services operations
will be retrofitted or relocated to withstand the impacts of disasters.
Objective 3.7: Vehicle access routes to key health care facilities will be protected from
blockage as a result of a disaster.
Goal 4: The continuity of local government operations will not be significantly disrupted by
disasters.
Objective 4.1: Buildings and facilities used for the routine operations of government will be
retrofitted or relocated to withstand the impacts of disasters.
Objective 4.2: Community redevelopment plans will be prepared to guide decision -making and
resource allocation by local government in the aftermath of a disaster.
Objective 4.3: Important local government records and documents will be protected from the
impacts of disasters.
Objective 4.4: Plans and programs will be available to assist local government employees in
retrofitting or relocating their homes to ensure their availability during a disaster.
Objective 4.5: Plans will be developed, and resources identified, to facilitate reestablishing
local government operations after a disaster
Objective 4.6: Redundant equipment, facilities, and/or supplies will be obtained to facilitate
reestablishing local government operations after a disaster
Goal 5: Mitigation efforts will be a continuing activity to protect the health, safety, and welfare
of the community's residents.
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Objective 5.1: Adequate systems for notifying the public at risk and providing emergency
instruction during a disaster will be available in all identified hazard areas.
Objective 5.2: Effective structural measures will be developed to protect residential areas from
the physical impacts of disasters.
Objective 5.3: Facilities in the community posing an extra health or safety risk when damaged
or disrupted will be made less vulnerable to the impacts of a disaster.
Objective 5.4: Public and private medical and healthcare facilities in the community will be
retrofitted or relocated to withstand the impacts of disasters.
Objective 5.5: Residential structures will be removed or relocated from defined hazard areas.
Objective 5.6: Residential structures will be retrofitted to withstand the physical impacts of
disasters.
Objective 5.7: Safety devices on transportation networks will not fail because of a disaster.
Objective 5.8: Structures, facilities, and systems serving visitors to the community will be
prepared to meet their immediate health and safety needs.
Objective 5.9: There will be adequate resources, equipment, and supplies to meet victims'
health and safety needs after a disaster.
Goal 6: The policies and regulations of local government will support effective hazard
mitigation programming throughout the community.
Objective 6.1: All reconstruction or rehabilitation of local government facilities will incorporate
techniques to minimize the physical or operational vulnerability to disasters.
Objective 6.2: Land use policies, plans, and regulations will discourage or prohibit
inappropriate location of structures or infrastructure components in areas of higher risk.
Objective 6.3: Local governments will ensure that hazard mitigation needs and programs are
given appropriate emphasis in resource allocation and decision -making.
Objective 6.4: Local governments will establish and enforce building and land development
codes that are effective in addressing the hazards threatening the community.
Objective 6.5: Local governments will protect high hazard natural areas from new or continuing
development.
Objective 6.6: Local jurisdictions will participate fully in the National Flood Insurance Program
and the associated Community Rating System.
Objective 6.7: New local government facilities will be located outside of hazard areas and/or
will be designed to not be vulnerable to the impacts of such hazards.
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Objective 6.8: Reconstruction and rehabilitation of structures and utilities in the community will
incorporate appropriate hazard mitigation techniques.
Objective 6.9: Regulations will be established and enforced to ensure that public and private
property maintenance is consistent with minimizing vulnerabilities to disaster.
Goal 7: Community residents will have homes, institutions, and places of employment that are
less vulnerable to disasters.
Objective 7.1: Economic incentive programs for the general public, businesses, and industry
to implement structural and non-structural mitigation measures will be established.
Objective 7.2: Local government will support key employers in the community in the
implementation of mitigation measures for their facilities and systems.
Objective 7.3: Programs for removal, relocation, or retrofitting of vulnerable structures and
utilities in hazard areas will be established and implemented.
Objective 7.4: The vulnerability to disasters of schools, libraries, museums, and other
institutions important to the daily lives of the community will be minimized.
Goal 8: The community's economic vitality will be less threatened by a disaster.
Objective 8.1: Components of the infrastructure needed by the community's businesses and
industries will be protected from the impacts of disaster.
Objective 8.2: Local government emergency response and disaster recovery plans will
appropriately consider the needs of key employers in the community.
Objective 8.3: Local government will encourage community businesses and industries to make
their facilities and operations disaster resistant.
Objective 8.4: Local government will establish programs, facilities, and resources to support
business resumption activities by impacted local businesses and industry.
Objective 8.5: Local government will implement programs to address public perceptions of
community condition and functioning in the aftermath of a disaster.
Objective 8.6: Local government will strive to diversify the employment base of the community.
Goal 9: The community's infrastructure will be better protected and less vulnerable to a
disaster
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Objective 9.1: Local governments will encourage hazard mitigation programming by private
sector organizations owning or operating key community utilities.
Objective 9.2: Routine maintenance of the community's infrastructure will be done to minimize
the potential for system failure because of or during a disaster.
Objective 9.3: Sources of energy normally used by the community will not be unwarrantedly
vulnerable to the impacts of a disaster.
Objective 9.4: The telecommunications systems and facilities serving the community will not
be unwarrantedly vulnerable to the impacts of a disaster.
Objective 9.5: Transportation facilities and systems serving the community will be constructed
and/or retrofitted to minimize the potential for disruption during a disaster.
Objective 9.6: Water and sewer services in the community will not fail because of a disaster.
Goal 10: Members of the community will have the opportunity to learn of the hazards
threatening local areas and the techniques to minimize vulnerability to those hazards.
Objective 10.1: All interested individuals will be encouraged to participate in hazard mitigation
planning and training activities.
Objective 10.2: Education programs in risk communication and hazard mitigation will be
established and implemented.
Objective 10.3: Managers of public facilities will be knowledgeable in hazard mitigation
techniques and the components of the community's mitigation plan.
Objective 10.4: Technical training in mitigation planning and programming will be given to
appropriate local government employees.
Objective 10.5: The owners and operators of businesses and industries in the community will
be knowledgeable in appropriate hazard mitigation techniques.
Objective 10.6: The public living or working in defined hazard areas will be aware of that fact,
understand their vulnerability, and know appropriate mitigation techniques.
Objective 10.7: The public will have facilitated access to information needed to understand
their vulnerability to disasters and effective mitigation techniques.
A. Addressing Known Risks and Vulnerabilities
2020
Proposed mitigations projects, in addition to meeting the long-range intent of the goals and objectives,
are used to address known problem areas in the community. These can include hardening and
retrofitting or existing critical facilities as well as addressing stormwater issue in known problem areas.
These may not projects can be used to address problems that do not necessarily affect an entire
neighborhood but can cause unsafe conditions or damage properties.
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V. NATIONAL FLOOD INSURANCE PROGRAM (NFIP) AND COMMUNITY RATING SYSTEM
(CRS)
Flood insurance is designed to provide an alternative to disaster assistance to reduce the escalating
costs of repairing damage to buildings and their contents caused by floods. In addition to providing
flood insurance and reducing flood damages through floodplain management regulations, the NFIP
identifies and maps the Nation's floodplains. Mapping flood hazards creates broad -based awareness
of the flood hazards and provides the data needed for floodplain management programs and to
actuarially rate new construction for flood insurance. Flood insurance policy information is listed in
the table below.
All jurisdictions (Astatula, Clermont, Eustis, Fruitland Park, Groveland, Howey-in-the-Hills, Lady Lake,
Lake County, Leesburg, Mascotte, Minneola, Montverde, Mount Dora, Tavares, Umatilla) participate
in the NFIP. The Lake County Office of Emergency Management and the LMS Working Group will
continue to promote and educate the community about the benefits of this program and its
implications on reducing flood hazards throughout the community. Jurisdictions within Lake County
are continuing to conduct a variety of activities associated with the NFIP. Activities include, but are
not limited to:
• Collecting flood elevation certificates
• Eliminating repetitive flood loss properties
• Informing residents of map changes
• Adopting new maps
As the jurisdictions of Lake County adopt the Local Mitigation Strategy, the list of actions related to
the NFIP within individual jurisdictions will continue to be refined and updated to reflect the most
comprehensive list of possible of activities within the LMS relating to the NFIP and CRS.
The Community Rating System (CRS) is a voluntary program for NFIP-participating communities.
The goals of the CRS are to reduce flood losses, facilitate accurate insurance rating, and to promote
the awareness of flood insurance. The CRS has been developed to provide incentives in the way of
premium discounts for communities to go beyond the minimum floodplain management requirements
to develop extra measures to provide protection from flooding. At this update, only Lake County is
participating in the CRS and has a rating of 7 as of October 1, 2020.
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Table 16: Flood Insurance Policy Information in Lake County45
Community Name Policies In -force Total Coverage Total Written Premium
+FPF
Asratula
Clermont
Eustis
Fruitland Park
Groveland
Howey-in-the-Hills
Lady Lake
Lake County
Leesburg
Mascotte
Minneola
Montverde
Mount Dora
Tavares
Umatilla
2020
6 $1,192,400 Y $3,361
228 $69,403,900 $97,053
120
$33,980,400
$56,500
87
$26,193,500
$51,115, 500
$35,046
173
$83,683
14
156
$3,778,000
$4,521
$74,306
$1,230,779
$136,321
$37,669,400
$602,696,100
2,371
260
$69,364,500
15
$3,669,400
$6,025
43
$10,970,400
$23,320
151
$4,581,900
$5,921
218
$64,892,600
$100,011
119
$30,641,000
$63,506
$5,862
15
$3,573,500
45 httgs://www.fema.gov/policy-claim-statistics-flood-insuranr
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VI. IMPLEMENTATION
A. Prioritization of Projects
2020
Prior to the 2010 plan, a program called Mitigation 20/20 was used to rank Lake County's
mitigation projects. In preparation for the 2010 update, it was decided to use a different method
to rank future projects and the LMS Working Group agreed that it would be acceptable use the
STAPLEE method to prioritize the mitigation projects. The STAPLEE model is still the accepted
method for rating projects on the project list.
The STAPLEE acronym stands for Social, Technical, Administrative, Political, Legal, Economic,
and Environmental factors and the dimensions along which each project is measured. The
STAPLEE system assesses each project using a scale that allows for a raw score to be derived.
There were 7 different dimensions that were further divided into 22 smaller criteria considerations.
The projects were rated using a scale of 1 to 5 for each smaller unit with a 1 being very unfavorable
and a 5 being very favorable. A 3 would be considered neither favorable nor unfavorable. The
higher a project scored the higher it would be placed on the priority list since this meant it received
more "favorable" scores on the criteria consideration.
All projects up until the 2010 plan update have used the old rating criteria. All new projects
submitted for consideration to the LMS Working Group since the 2010 update were scored using
the STAPLEE criteria. The project listing, as shown within Appendix I, shows the projects ranked
using both the old and new criteria. The LMS Working Group wants to ensure that not only is the
most user-friendly scoring used for this process, but that all municipalities feel the rating criteria
results in their projects being fairly ranked for funding consideration. The LMS Working Group will
continue to refine the scoring process as needed.
A table outlining the STAPLEE method is on the next page.
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Dimension
Social
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Table 17: Using the STAPLEE Method to Prioritize Projects
2020
Criteria Description
Community Acceptance + Will this project not be objectionable to a large majority
of the population being impacted by the hazard?
Effect on
Population
Social
Technical
Technical
Segment of Thinking of all immediate, direct, and indirect side
effects of the implementation of this project, what will
the effect be on the segment of the population (things
to consider: property access, construction noise,
inconvenience of actions)?
Technically Feasible
Long -Term Solution
Most of the projects are at such a scale that they need
to be technically feasible at the time they are submitted
to the list.
Does the project in, and of, itself or as a part of a large
comprehensive program represent a long-term
solution to the problem at hand?
(Secondary Impacts Secondary impacts include things like scalability of
Technical solutions and potential re -use of technologies used in
the project.
Administrative Staffing Do you have enough staff to administer and manage
the project?
Administrative Funding Allocation Are there funds currently budgeted for the project?
Administrative Maintenance/Operations Will you have enough personnel to maintain and
operate the project, if applicable?
Political Support What do the elected officials think of the project? Are
they aware of it? What might they think of it?
The existence of a single person or group of persons
Political that is very vocal in their support for a project might
make it easier to realize the mitigation action.
What does the community think about the project? Do
they think it is a fair use of resources?
Local Champion The existence of a single person or group of persons
Political that is very vocal in their support for a project might
make it easier to realize the mitigation action.
Political Public Support What does the community think about the project? Do
] .
they think it is a fair use of resources?
Legal State Authority Does the state have jurisdiction with this kind of
project?
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Dimension
Criteria
Description
—
Existing Local Authority
Does the municipality have the legal authority to
Legal
undertake the project?
Legal
Potential Legal Action
Will the project potentially cause legal action?
Economic
Cost of Action
How expensive is the project?
Benefit of Action
How many and how great are the benefits to the
Economic
project?
Contributes to Economic
Does the project align with your community's economic
Economic
Goals
goals?
Outside Funding
Will you need outside funding to finance your share of
Economic
Required
the cost?
Effect on Land and
What are the long-term effects on the land and water
Environmental
Water
on and adjacent to the site?
Effect on Endangered
Will any endangered species be impacted by the
Environmental
Species
project?
Consistent with
I Will the project be consistent with the community's
Environmental
Community
environmental goals?
Environmental Goals
Consistent with Federal
Will the project be in any danger of breaking any
Environmental
Laws
federal rules or regulations?
Projects will be submitted to the LMS Working Group for consideration and must include a cost -
benefit analysis and a scoring form. Projects can be submitted to the group at any time and action
will be taken at the next LMS Working Group meeting. At any time, the LMS Working Group may
choose to review the project list and update the prioritization ranking. Environmental factors may
dictate that some projects need to be considered due to current conditions that require a project
to be moved up on the list for available funding. Other factors may lead to this review include
declared disasters, funding availability, new or revised policy development, plan revision cycles,
legal or fiscal restraints, and life safety priorities.
VI1. MITIGATION PROJECT PRIORITY LIST
The project priority list is located in Appendix I of this plan and also includes completed and deleted
project lists.
A. Responsible for Mitigation Actions
The implementation and completion of approved mitigation projects will be administered by the
jurisdiction, agency, or organization that proposed the project. On an annual basis, the Lake
County Office of Emergency Management, in coordination with the LMS Working Group, will
check the status of the mitigation initiatives to ensure that efforts have been made to complete
any projects on the LMS project list. This approach is utilized as only the jurisdiction, agency, or
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organization that proposed the project has the authority or responsibility for implementation.
During the plan implementation process, the LMS Working Group monitors the status of projects,
assigns priorities, and will take other action for support and coordination.
B. Cost -Benefit Analysis
When a project is submitted to the LMS Working Group, it must be accompanied by a cost -benefit
analysis (CBA) for consideration. Projects not including a CBA will be returned to the proposer for
completion of the appropriate information prior to resubmission. A copy of a form that has been
accepted for documenting the CBA has been included in the appendix to this plan behind the
project lists. This form can be utilized by the proposer to document what the costs are associated
with a proposed project and estimate the value that will be received as a benefit resulting from
completion of the project. The cost benefit analysis results will be factored into the prioritization
process to determine the project ranking.
C. Actions Completed
Any project that has been funded and completed will be added to the Completed Project List
regardless of the source of funding. Lake County Emergency Management maintains all project
lists for Lake County. The project list can change as funding, requirements, etc. change and/or
are updated. For deleted projects, an explanation is included to document the action. The LMS
committee periodically reviews the project lists to determine ongoing eligibility and feasibility.
Projects may be closed or withdrawn at the discretion of the committee.
Vill. PLAN MAINTENANCE
A. LMS Monitoring and Evaluation
Lake County continues to maintain the Local Mitigation Strategy as a mechanism to guide
mitigation actions that are being pursued in both the incorporated and unincorporated areas. The
LMS Plan is housed in the Lake County Office of Emergency Management. One of the primary
methods by which to maintain the plan is to track the status of the mitigation initiatives. The Lake
County Office of Emergency Management has devised a database management system that
tracks the projects as they are completed in the county to monitor progress. The Lake County
LMS Working Group will make attempts to complete projects within five years (before the next
plan update) as funding becomes available.
The LMS Working Group will meet at least annually to discuss any projects or changes that might
have occurred that would be addressed by the update. Meetings can and will be scheduled
following after times of natural disaster events and other times as deemed appropriate by the LMS
Working Group Chair. Criteria used to evaluate the LMS Document and activities should include
and are not limited the following situations:
• Change in requirements at any governmental level
• Changes in development trends and land use
• Completion of existing mitigation projects and introduction of new goals
• Changes in policy, procedure, or code
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• Changes in building codes and practices
• Review of legislative actions that could affect funding of mitigation efforts
• Changes in Flood Insurance Rate Maps, National Flood Insurance Program, etc.
2020
These meetings will be organized by the Lake County Office of Emergency Management. This
meeting will result in the preparation of the Annual LMS Progress Report that will be submitted to
the state and satisfy the annual CRS program requirement as well. The Lake County Office of
Emergency Management will maintain an up-to-date list of all active working group members will
be utilized as a distribution list for notification.
Since the last revision of the LMS there has not been any significant changes to development in
Lake County that would impact the hazards identified within this plan. As of this writing, there are
no anticipated development changes or trends that would impact these hazards in the future. This
of course is subject to change in the future and will be a topic to be considered at future LMS
meetings.
At each LMS meeting, representatives will report on the current status of projects, and if a project's
scope or details have changed. It may also be reported that the project has been cancelled all
together, in which case the project will be removed from the mitigation initiative prioritization list
with an explanation. All changes and activities as a result of the LMS meeting will be considered
part of the overall evaluation process, which will be administered and documented by the Office
of Emergency Management and become an official component of the LMS.
The LMS Working Group will use the following criteria, among others, as a starting point for
monitoring the overall LMS process:
• Goals and objectives address current and expected conditions
• The nature, magnitude and/or type of risks have changed
• The current resources are appropriate for implementing the plan
• There are implementation problems, such as technical, political or coordination issues with
other agencies
• The outcomes have occurred as expected (demonstrating progress)
• The agencies and other partners participated as originally proposed
B. LMS Updates
An important key of the planning process is to begin thinking about the steps to update the plan
prior to the next review date, which is in 2025. Revisions to the plan will start at least 12 months
prior to the existing plans next required update, with Lake County providing drafts to state staff
for preliminary comments ahead of time. This will ensure that the plan remains in active status
and does not lapse for any period of time between plan review periods. Based on experience, it
is easy to underestimate the time that it takes to complete the plan update.
In addition to the ongoing maintenance of the plan and LMS activities, the staff of the Office of
Emergency Management assigned to handle mitigation activities will be responsible for the Five -
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Year Update. The expectation is that continual review and refinements of the LMS Plan between
plan updates will allow future updates to go smoothly. The update of the plan will take place by
reading the document, identifying items to be fixed and utilizing a computer to make edits to the
LMS document. This will occur as changes need to be made, instead of doing all of the changes
at once for the five-year update. The Office of Emergency Management will continue to update
the plan and be the responsible organization for this activity. This will be accomplished through
continual review of the plan by LMS Working Group and support staff, as well as input from the
general public.
Notice of upcoming meetings will be posted for at least ten days prior to the date of the meeting
and available by the following means:
• Lake County LMS Website notice
• Email distribution list maintained by Lake County Emergency Management
• Notice published in local newsprint
Updates will be identified through the input of anyone with sound ideas to improve the plan from
Lake County staff, LMS Working Group members and from the general public. Staff from the
Office of Emergency Management assigned LMS responsibilities will update the electronic
version of LMS document. The LMS Working Group will review the plan proposed to be submitted
for the next update, guide changes as necessary and have final approval of the updated plan to
be forwarded to state and federal counterparts for review and ultimate approval.
C. Implementation through Existing Plans and Programs
While some jurisdictions have taken steps towards integrating mitigation actions into their plans,
some have not explicitly addressed these matters within their documents. It is important that some
or all of the goals and actions of this local mitigation strategy be incorporated into other plans so
that they will have a greater chance of being accomplished. Integrating plans is accomplished by
having groups invite each other to each other's meetings. Information sharing ensures that the
common elements are understood and documented within the various plans within Lake County.
Through upcoming meetings that will be taking place with jurisdictions to adopt the Lake County
LMS, integrating the LMS with their respective planning mechanisms is discussed and
encouraged to promote further continuity. During individual plan review processes, suggested
revisions and/or mitigation initiatives are identified for implementation into those plans.
Some of the County -wide plans and LMS integration efforts identified include:
• Lake County Comprehensive Emergency Management Plan (2018) — The CEMP
incorporates elements of the LMS to identify hazard vulnerabilities and risks, as well as
mitigation efforts to reduce potential risk throughout the County.
• Lake County Comprehensive Use Plan (2012) — The Comprehensive Plan supports LMS
policies, including: capital improvements, land development regulations, conservation and
wetland protection efforts, hazard mitigation, and post -disaster redevelopment.
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• Lake County Code of Ordinances Chapter VI — Resource Protection Standards, 6.01.02:
Wetlands Impact and Mitigation, and the Lake -Sumter Metropolitan Planning Organization
(MPO) Transportation Plan.
• Lake County Community Wildfire Protection Plan (CWPP) —The CWPP was a stand-alone
document. The 2020 LMS incorporates the requirements of the CWPP and acts as a
replacement document to ensure the continued review and update of those requirements
as they relate to the County.
Below is a listing of other plans, etc. that exist in the municipalities that further the goals and
objectives of the LMS.
Table 18: Municipality Policies Supporting Lake County LMS
Jurisdiction Policies
• Policy 1-1.1.3: Firewise (Wildfire)
• Policy 1-1.2.1: Wetlands development (Flooding)
Astatula Policies 1-1.2.2/5-1.8.2: Floodplain (Flooding)
• Policies 1-1.2.4/5-1.2.13: Land development (Sinkholes)
• Policies 401.11.1/4-2.1.1/4-2.3.2: Wells/City Connection (Sinkholes/Drought)
• Policy 5-1.1.4: Construction (Erosion)
• Policies 2-1/2-2: Land Use Density (Flooding)
Clermont
• Policies 2-16/3-5: Land Use Wetlands/Floodplain (Flooding)
• Policy 2-2: Public Facilities Septic (Flooding)
Eustis
• Policies 1.4.1/2.1.1/2.1.2: Conservation (Flooding)
• Policy 1.2.2: Land Use (Flooding)
Fruitland
• Policy 1-2.2: Floodplain (Flooding)
Park
Policy 1-2.4: Setbacks (Sinkholes)
Policies 1-1.2/3-1.4: Open Space
Groveland
• Obj 7.8 Conservation (Flooding/Sinkholes)
• Obj 7.2/7.10/7.13: Conservation Development (Flooding)
• Policy 1-2.2.2: Floodplain (Flooding)
Howey in
Policy 1-1.2.4: Sinkhole filling (Sinkholes)
the Hills
Policies 4-2.3.1/5-1.7.1: Storm Water/Erosion (Flooding/Erosi
Policies 5-1.8.1/8-1.2.1: Floodplains Development (Flooding)
Lady Lake
FLU 1-9.3/2-4.4/3-2.2: Density/Development (Flooding/Erosio
• Goal Pub 6/Policy CIP 102.2/Policy Con 1-11.1: Floodplain (F
Policies 1.1.1/1.3.2: Drainage/Elevation (Flooding)
• Policy 1.3.3: Floodplain Conservation (Flooding)
Leesburg
. Polices 1.2.1.9/1.3.3/Obj 1.4: Conservation (Flooding)
• Policies 1.1.6/1.2.19/1.6.4/Obj. 1.7: Conservation (Erosion)
Policy 1.1.5: Land Use Conservation (Flooding/Drought)
Mascotte
Policies 2.1.12/3.10.7/3.11.9/3.11.13/3.11.14: Land Use (Floo
Policies 1.2,9/Obj 1.6: Drai�loodin
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_Jurisdiction Policies
• Policy 1.2.9: Chemicals (Flooding)
Minneola Section 98-12: Required easements and dedications. Drainage and Wetlands
(Flooding)
• Policies 101.24/5-1.2.13: Development (Sinkholes)
Montverde . Policy 4-1.4.4: Septic (Flooding)
L • Policy 5-1.1.13: Development (Erosion)
Mount Dora • Policies 2f/5f/7e: Floodplain Conservation (Flooding)
• Policies 5e/2.2m: Land Use/Water (Sinkholes)
Policies 1-1.1.3/1-1.2.15/1-1.9.1: Floodplain Development (Flooding)
Tavares • Policies 4-1.2.5/44.1/5-1.8.1: Floodplain/Sinkholes (Flooding)
• Policies 5-1.2.10/5-1.8.6: Open Space (Sinkholes)
• Policy 5-1.2.8: Shoreline (Erosion)
Umatilla Policies 5-1.83/5-1.81: Floodplain Preservation (Flooding/Sinkholes)
• Policy 1-1.2.2: Development (Flooding)
2020
The Villages although listed as a municipality is actually a special taxing district and does not
have any plans, ordinances, etc. of their own as they follow the Lake County Building Codes and
related policies, Fire Safety Codes, and Florida Building Codes as they may apply.
The municipalities utilize the approved LMS in connection with their own plans and procedures to
further mitigation efforts working closely with the county to continue making all of Lake County
resilient to the hazards identified.
While the majority of the planning efforts are aimed at flooding mitigation it is recognized that all
hazards should be considered when revising plans and policies especially concerning land use,
floodplain management, stormwater, development, etc. The LMS is adopted by all municipalities
in Lake County and individual municipal and county -wide plans take mitigation efforts into
consideration when making revisions.
Through upcoming meetings that will be taking place with jurisdictions to adopt the Lake County
LMS, further integration of the LMS with their respective planning mechanisms will be discussed
and encouraged to promote further continuity. Staff from the various organizations responsible
for these individual plans will continue communicating with each other to further the process of
better integrating these plans and improving overall dialogue about mitigation.
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IX. AUTHORITIES AND REFERENCES
2020
Code of Federal Regulations Title 44 201.6. Local Mitigation Plans. hfti)://www.ecfr.gov/cqi-bin/text-
,?rq n=d iv5&node=44:1.0.1.4.,
FEMA (2011, Oct 1). Local Mitigation Plan Review Guidance, www.fema.gov:
_.Lt ://www.fema. ov/media-libra -data/20130726-1809-25045-
7498/plan review guide final 9 30 11.pdf
Florida Administrative Code 27P-22. Hazard Mitigation Grant Program,
https:llwww. flrules. om/patewaylChapterHome. asp?Chapter =27P-22
Florida Statutes. Chapter 252 Emergency Management.
http.//www.leU.state.fl.us/STATUTES/index.cfm?App mode=Display Index&Title Request=XVll#Tit
FEMA. The Stafford Act. hftp://www.fema.gov/media-librat-y-data/l 383153669955-
2lf970bl9e8eaa67087b7da9f4af7O6e/stafford act booklet 042213 508e.pdf
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APPENDIX I: ATTACHED SUBAPPENDICES
2020
Maps, graphs, charts, tables, diagrams, and other additional data that provide support for the
information presented in the LMS Plan are located in attachment Appendices A thru E.
Table 19: List of Appendices
SUBAPPENDIX CONTENT
A BYLAWS
B LETTERS AND ADS
C MEETING DOCUMENTATION
D MEMBERSHIP
E PROJECTS
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APPENDIX II: LMS WORKING GROUP BY-LAWS AND MEMBERSHIP
ARTICLE I. PURPOSES OF THE WORKING GROUP
The purpose of the Lake County Local Mitigation Strategy (LMS) Working Group is to decrease the
vulnerability of the citizens, governments, businesses and institutions of Lake County to the future
human, economic and environmental costs of natural, technological, and societal disasters. The
Working Group will develop, monitor, implement, and maintain a comprehensive plan for hazard
mitigation which will be intended to accomplish this purpose.
ARTICLE II. MEMBERSHIP
Participation in the Lake County LMS Working Group is voluntary by all entities. Membership in the
Working Group is open to all jurisdictions, organizations and individuals supporting its purposes.
ARTICLE Ill. ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE
The organizational structure of the Lake County LMS Working Group shall consist of the Working
Group and other subcommittees which may from time to time be created as needed by the Lake
County Working Group. The Working Group shall have a Chair, and a Vice -Chair. Any member is
eligible for election to one of these positions. The Lake County Office of Emergency Management will
perform administrative functions for the Working Group as required by State of Florida Emergency
Management Scope of Work.
A. The Lake County LMS Working Group
The LMS Chair will preside at each meeting of the Working Group, as well as establish temporary
subcommittees and assign personnel to them. The Vice -Chair will fulfill the duties and
responsibilities of the chair in their absence.
The Lake County LMS Working Group will consist of the designated representatives from the
following:
• One representative or designee from the government of Lake County and;
• One representative or designee of each participating incorporated municipality and;
• Representatives from organizations and associations representing key business industry,
and community interest groups of Lake County and;
• Representatives from other governmental entities and;
• Representatives of non-profit organizations and/or faith -based institutions and;
Members of the Lake County LMS Working Group will be coordinated by the Chair or Vice -Chair
to serve as the official representative and spokesperson for the jurisdiction or organization
regarding the activities and decisions of the Lake County LMS Working Group. Each jurisdiction
or organization shall also appoint an alternate to their primary representative. The alternate shall
have full voting rights in the absence of the primary representative. Each municipality and Lake
County will hold one vote in taking actions on behalf of their entities as long as they remain a
member in good standing. To maintain good standing, members of the Lake County LMS Working
Group must not have more than two (2) consecutive absences at scheduled meetings. At this
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time, their vote will be withheld from the representative until they attend two (2) consecutive
meetings. Their voting rights will be reinstated at the third (3) consecutive meeting. Mitigating or
extenuating circumstances will be addressed by the Chair or Vice -Chair as appropriate on behalf
of the Lake County LMS Working Group. Two consecutive absences can also occur in failure to
vote by electronic (email or web -hosted service) voting procedures that may be utilized from time
to time in place of formal meetings.
D. Committees
The Lake County LMS Working Group shall establish subcommittees at any time for any special
purposes. The membership of the committees shall be appointed by the Chair or Vice -Chair of
the Lake County LMS Working Group, who shall also designate the subcommittee Chair.
Membership shall be unlimited and is open to all interested jurisdictions, organizations and
individuals.
E. Program Staff
The Lake County Office of Emergency Management will serve as the program staff for the Lake
County Working Group, and assist in the coordination and support of the Lake County LMS
Working Group activities.
ARTICLE IV. OFFICERS
Any member in good standing of the Lake County LMS Working Group is eligible for election as an
officer. The Lake County LMS Working Group will have a Chair and Vice -Chair elected by a majority
vote of a quorum of the members present. Each shall serve a term of one year and be eligible for re-
election for an unlimited number of terms. A quorum shall consist of designated representative or
alternate from at least five (5) of the participating jurisdictions in good standing.
The Chair of the Lake County LMS Working Group will preside at each meeting of the Lake County
Working Group. The Vice -Chair will fulfill the duties and responsibilities of the Chair in their absence.
Administrative functions will be handled by the Lake County Office of Emergency Management in
accordance with Federal and State regulations.
ARTICLE V. RESPONSIBILITIES
A. The Lake County LMS Workinq Group
All responsibilities of the LMS Working Group shall be specified by Chapter 27P-22.004 and 27P-
22.005, Florida Administrative Code (FAC). These rules are authorized under Florida Statute 252.
The Lake County LMS Working Group will be responsible for all actions and decisions made
formally in the name of the Lake County LMS Working Group.
a) Subcommittees
The responsibilities of subcommittees will be defined at the time they are established by the
Chair of the Lake County LMS Working Group, or the voting members in good standing.
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ARTICLE VI. ACTIONS BY THE WORKING GROUP
A. Authority for Actions
2020
Only the Working Group has the authority to take final actions. Actions by subcommittees or
program staff are not considered final until affirmed by action of the Lake County LMS Working
Group.
B. Meetinns, Voting and Quorum
Meetings of the Lake County LMS Working Group and its subcommittees will be conducted in
accord with Robert's Rules of Order, when deemed necessary by Chair of the meeting. Regular
meetings of the LMS Working Group will be scheduled at least annually with a minimum of 10
working days' notice. Committees will meet as deemed necessary by the Chair or Vice -Chair.
Meetings can be held via a conferencing mechanism provided a means of recording attendance
and voting can be done.
All final actions and decisions in the name of the Lake County LMS Working Group will be by
affirmative vote of a quorum of the voting members present. A quorum shall consist of designated
representative or alternate from at least five (5) of the participating jurisdictions. Each member of
Working Group will have one (1) vote.
C. Emergency Actions by the Office of Emerc�ency Management
The Lake County Office of Emergency Management is authorized to apply for grants, accept
grants, create projects, approve projects, execute contracts and other actions consistent with the
intent of public safety without the authorization of the LMS Working Group when, in the opinion of
the Office of Emergency Management Manager, such expeditious action is necessary and
consistent with the purpose stated in Article I. All applications, grant acceptances actions, project
creations, project approvals under the section shall be authorized directly by the Office of
Emergency Management Manager. The Chair or Vice -Chair of the LMS shall be informed of such
action as soon as reasonably possible. All actions taken under this section shall be reported to
the LMS Working Group at the next LMS Working Group meeting under new business.
a) Special Votes
Special votes may be taken under emergency situations or when there are other extenuating
circumstances that are judged by both the Chair and Vice -Chair of the Lake County LMS
Working Group or the Office of Emergency Management to prohibit scheduling of a regular
meeting of the Lake County LMS Working Group. Special votes may be by telephone,
electronic medium (email and/or web -hosted service with conference call capabilities), first
class mail, and shall be in accord with all applicable statutes for such actions.
b) Public Hearings
When required by statute or the policies of Lake County, or when deemed necessary by the
Lake County Working Group, a public hearing regarding actions under consideration for
implementation by the Working Group will be held.
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